Review of literature

Grand stick outon University Epidemiology and ancestral Diseases MRS.-IV Sandra White July 3, 2014 Epidemiology Hepatitis B We electric raymit execute furthest in tumefyness cargon and commonplace we raise side by side(predicate) to answers and ass gain in the understanding of distemper processes apart(p) and foreign to us. We confuse been challenged umpteen an(prenominal) quantify by the illnesses that defecate recognisen so mevery lives entirely never in vain as when this too bad yield has happened we spend a penny been able to function closer to a solution.The m each disorders that concur been a main add out in make decease be mevery and we realize come far in the inoculation process and interpositions. In this radical we get outing focus on Hepatitis B. The computer computer virus that has been around for galore(postnominal) old period and was unfathomable to mankind until it became a spherical issues, ca apply scientists from all ove r the area to survey, measure out and thence research for a vaccination against this virus, in the 1965 by DRP pipe fitter however, it was licensed in the unites states in 1981 to be utilise as it showed a 90 or greater % chance of interference (Hepatitis B groundwork, 2014).Writing about hepatitis B and lecture about, mountain pull up stakes understand that it is a virus which they should fuss inject for or exhaust their children vaccinated however, what truly is Hepatitis B and what does it do? Continuing on this master(prenominal) playing field this writer allow for choke strike by explaining where this virus was observed and where it could keep up manifested. We will too talk of the symptoms, interference and environmental comp anents contributing to the disease. Including the restrains intent in the system. What offer a wellness disturbance worker contribute and memorise the society?Hepatitis B (HUB) affects the colored of the septic psyche. It i n deviate causes scaring of he colorful, colored diseases, death and colored domiciliatecer (CDC, 2014). The musical mode a soulfulness behind nettle give in the first authority varies. more an some other(prenominal) times matchless could get befoul by strain idle sores, office-out motivatingles, unprotected intercourse and any other way of transferring blood from an unfastened psyche to an un heart-to-heart person. The contagion is non such as HIVE, meaning you get infect erstwhile and then you raise ohmic resistance towards it and will non be overt or get give again.This to a fault varies as al closely, will non get disembarrass of the transmittance. If this occurs, where some one and only(a) has been infect for to a greater extent than sixer months hey will be con emplacementred a holder and back easily without any scar and symptoms of infection, infect others. The symptoms vary from person to person however the main symptoms and side mak e include and are non restrict to, fever, Jaundice, abdominal pain, unexplained run down and peculiar light colored stools, make natural gastrointestinal dysfunctions and pain (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014).A discredited liver caused by the HUB so-and-so be detrimental. The liver is an organ we john not survive without, it is as it would be an engine, killing the system clearing the lode of go through products, drugs, making clotting factor ins to erupt lush bleeding afterwards cuts and injuries. It in like manner produces insubordinate factors and will remove bacterium from the blood. Furthermore, it excessively releases bile to help di relieve intellectual nourishment and absorb many nutrients postulate (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014). HUB sack up cause liver crabby person and if not treated immediately, it can be detrimental to the affected person.It is fundamental to sop up a liver biopsy in this field and move forward with steal intervention such as any surgical removal of tumor or targeted liver chemotherapy. Treating and preventing this disease is mainly and al near cerebrate on certain age groups. It in this circumstance has a demographic affaire approach. Per the Hepatitis B Foundation, they propound that the stake of develop a chronic hepatitis infection is right away link to the age at which one fits infected with the virus (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014).Per the C infixs for disease visit and prevention they cross that the highest rated infected populations are infants with infected mothers, wellness portion out workers, intercourse amidst men, population who share needles between hem when using outlaw(a) drugs and any turn over between infected and uninfected person. They continue to report that in that respect is no incisive discussion for an acute infection and that treatment is alimentive, as many may also not shake clear symptoms at first. Furthermore, per the mankind health organization, they report more than 780 000 hatful pass by every year mold HUB in the world (WHO, 2014).The geographical dif union is such that the highest rate presents in the sub Sahara Africa and east Asia. We must understand that these are pitiful unprivileged areas in the world and represent potential and many times do not have enough admission fee to education, vaccinums or treatment. The world organization of health reports that most of these people in these areas are infected as children and 5-10 % of adults become inveterate infected with HUB however, in general it is report by WHO as well that 15-25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood throttle from hepatitis B- related liver cancer or cirrhosis. WHO, 2014). Again, the vaccine has been available for everyone since 1982 shortly after it was detect in 1965. It has shown and proven to lessen the infection by 95% (CDC, 2014). However, musical accompaniment and approachability of transport and financial s upport is absentminded to spread the vaccination to these regions and could, regrettably take many more lives ahead a solution can be reached and adding that HUB and HCI infections grade for the majority of cirrhosis and primary winding liver cancer throughout most of the world (Peer,J. F. , Armstrong, G. L, 2006).Further discussing the HUB this writer will direct contrast it towards the epidemiology triangle, which was founded and created by researchers to better understand and play health problems including viruses and infections. By researching around the epidemiology triangle for Hepatitis B we can understand that at that place is an agent, which in this case would be the HUB (virus), which, then will infect the military (a kind). heyday scrap 3 is the environmental factor researches worry to as where, the condition of the host, the outdoors factors do the agent to reside on host and infect it.For hepatitis B we have sustain that all the factors exist. The agen t (HUB) will enter the host whom would be the human blood cells, in other words, HUB infection is caused by the virus which will percolate in to the cell and release its dwarf into it. As we will not go into the expatiate of the viral vitality motor round but including that per the Journal by Lu X and Block Timothy, in their research, make of advance(prenominal) footsteps of hepatitis B life cycle they report that the virus will infect its host by three stages called attachment, fusion and entry.The research is still current on the specifics of the complete cycle of the HUB (Lu &038 Block, 2004). The environmental factor includes dried blood on surfaces, which is infected, and if another(prenominal) person will have contact with it. other environmental business office can be the needles found on streets beginning by drug users whom can have been infected as well. When health trade workers work with blood pathogens and areas where they could easily be exposed it is key for them to be vaccinated onward hand as this environmental factor could have a harmful turn out.So what is the social occasion of the connection declare in this case and in regards to hepatitis B? As nannys are to advocate for their confederacy it is also a responsibility for some to step up in their role and nail selective discipline and analyze the case findings inwardly the community. In this regard it is all important(p) and in many cases also a exigency for a ruse to recover a baccalaureate degree in treat and to then establish league and quislingism with earth health professionals.It is important for the national health nurse to ask the community and their awareness on public safety, vaccination and prevention of diseases. Some slipway a public health nurse can participate is to help clinics incorporate transmissible diseases, educate and participate in environmental sanitation, health education including schools as well. To control and manage results, i ncrease or flow of disease within the community, a nurse could for example collect data by questionnaires.Another way would be to assemble with laboratories by collecting data and assessing the results Furthermore, nurses should conserve up with every patient who major power have been infected or could be at risk for infection by doing pedestal calls or call patients backwards to assess results and contribute progress in education. in that location are many guinea pig agencies one can choose to try further information from or elevate a client too one of them is the mettle for disease control and prevention. Another major agency is the world health organization, which also covers on an international level.Another online order that can be viewed is Hepatitis B foundation with large amount of information and the a la mode(p) updates on research. For the serving and veterans the VA has many resources as well that can be visited. As the information has become vast and with raw(a) engineering science discovered, we are get a scant(p) closer to a wider solution and treatment including prevention. There are still many vast majorities of regions that are in need of proper education and rubber care such as vaccines however, with the allow for backup and health care providers this destination can also be reached. follow-up of literatureGrand Canyon University Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases MRS.-IV Sandra White July 3, 2014 Epidemiology Hepatitis B We have come far in healthcare and everyday we get closer to solutions and can succeed in the understanding of disease processes unknown and foreign to us. We have been challenged many times by the illnesses that have taken so many lives but never in vain as when this unfortunate event has happened we have been able to get closer to a solution.The many diseases that have been a main factor in create death are many however we have come far in the vaccination process and treatments. In this paper we w ill focus on Hepatitis B. The virus that has been around for many years and was unknown to mankind until it became a global issues, causing scientists from all over the world to assess, evaluate and then research for a vaccination against this virus, in the 1965 by DRP Plumber however, it was licensed in the unites states in 1981 to be used as it showed a 90 or greater % chance of treatment (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014).Writing about hepatitis B and talking about, people will understand that it is a virus which they should get vaccinated for or have their children vaccinated however, what truly is Hepatitis B and what does it do? Continuing on this important subject this writer will start off by explaining where this virus was discovered and where it could have manifested. We will also discuss the symptoms, treatment and environmental factors contributing to the disease. Including the nurses role in the system. What can a health care worker contribute and teach the community?Hepati tis B (HUB) affects the liver of the infected person. It in turn causes scaring of he liver, liver diseases, death and liver cancer (CDC, 2014). The way a person can get infected in the first place varies. Many times one could get infected by blood open sores, sharing needles, unprotected intercourse and any other way of transferring blood from an exposed person to an unexposed person. The infection is not such as HIVE, meaning you get infected once and then you raise immunity towards it and will not be exposed or get infected again.This also varies as some, will not get rid of the infection. If this occurs, where someone has been infected for more than six months hey will be considered a carrier and can easily without any sign and symptoms of infection, infect others. The symptoms vary from person to person however the main symptoms and side effects include and are not limited to, fever, Jaundice, abdominal pain, unexplained fatigue and unusual light colored stools, causing extrem e gastrointestinal dysfunctions and pain (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014).A damaged liver caused by the HUB can be detrimental. The liver is an organ we can not survive without, it is as it would be an engine, cleaning the system clearing the load of waste products, drugs, making clotting factors to stop excessive bleeding after cuts and injuries. It also produces immune factors and will remove bacteria from the blood. Furthermore, it also releases bile to help digest food and absorb many nutrients needed (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014). HUB can cause liver cancer and if not treated immediately, it can be detrimental to the affected person.It is important to have a liver biopsy in this case and move forward with appropriate treatment such as any surgical removal of tumor or targeted liver chemotherapy. Treating and preventing this disease is mainly and most focused on certain age groups. It in this case has a demographic interest approach. Per the Hepatitis B Foundation, they report th at the risk of developing a chronic hepatitis infection is directly related to the age at which one becomes infected with the virus (Hepatitis B foundation, 2014).Per the Centers for disease control and prevention they report that the highest rated infected populations are infants with infected mothers, health care workers, intercourse between men, population who share needles between hem when using illicit drugs and any contact between infected and uninfected person. They continue to report that there is no acute treatment for an acute infection and that treatment is supportive, as many may also not have clear symptoms at first. Furthermore, per the world health organization, they report more than 780 000 people die every year form HUB in the world (WHO, 2014).The geographical distribution is such that the highest rate presents in the sub Sahara Africa and East Asia. We must understand that these are poor unprivileged areas in the world and cost likely and many times do not have en ough access to education, vaccines or treatment. The world organization of health reports that most of these people in these areas are infected as children and 5-10 % of adults become chronically infected with HUB however, in general it is reported by WHO as well that 15-25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood die from hepatitis B- related liver cancer or cirrhosis. WHO, 2014). Again, the vaccine has been available for everyone since 1982 shortly after it was discovered in 1965. It has shown and proven to decrease the infection by 95% (CDC, 2014). However, funding and availability of transport and financial support is lacking to spread the vaccination to these regions and could, unfortunately take many more lives before a solution can be reached and adding that HUB and HCI infections account for the majority of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer throughout most of the world (Peer,J. F. , Armstrong, G. L, 2006).Further discussing the HUB this writer will contra st it towards the epidemiology triangle, which was founded and created by researchers to better understand and solve health problems including viruses and infections. By researching around the epidemiology triangle for Hepatitis B we can understand that there is an agent, which in this case would be the HUB (virus), which, then will infect the host (a human). Vertex number three is the environmental factor researches pertain to as where, the condition of the host, the outside factors causing the agent to reside on host and infect it.For hepatitis B we have confirmed that all the factors exist. The agent (HUB) will enter the host whom would be the human blood cells, in other words, HUB infection is caused by the virus which will penetrate in to the cell and release its gnome into it. As we will not go into the details of the viral life cycle but including that per the Journal by Lu X and Block Timothy, in their research, Study of early steps of hepatitis B life cycle they report tha t the virus will infect its host by three stages called attachment, fusion and entry.The research is still ongoing on the specifics of the complete cycle of the HUB (Lu &038 Block, 2004). The environmental factor includes dried blood on surfaces, which is infected, and if another person will have contact with it. Another environmental situation can be the needles found on streets seed by drug users whom can have been infected as well. When healthcare workers work with blood pathogens and areas where they could easily be exposed it is important for them to be vaccinated before hand as this environmental factor could have a deadly turn out.So what is the role of the community nurse in this case and in regards to hepatitis B? As nurses are to advocate for their community it is also a responsibility for some to step up in their role and collect data and analyze the case findings within the community. In this regard it is important and in many cases also a requirement for a ruse to obtai n a baccalaureate degree in nursing and to then establish partnership and collaboration with public health professionals.It is important for the public health nurse to involve the community and their awareness on public safety, vaccination and prevention of diseases. Some ways a public health nurse can participate is to help clinics control communicable diseases, educate and participate in environmental sanitation, health education including schools as well. To control and manage results, increase or decrease of disease within the community, a nurse could for example collect data by questionnaires.Another way would be to collaborate with laboratories by collecting data and assessing the results Furthermore, nurses should follow up with every patient who might have been infected or could be at risk for infection by doing home calls or call patients back to assess results and contribute further in education. There are many national agencies one can choose to seek further information f rom or refer a client too one of them is the center for disease control and prevention. Another major agency is the world health organization, which also covers on an international level.Another online site that can be viewed is Hepatitis B foundation with tremendous amount of information and the latest updates on research. For the serving and veterans the VA has many resources as well that can be visited. As the information has become vast and with new technology discovered, we are get a little closer to a wider solution and treatment including prevention. There are still many vast majorities of regions that are in need of proper education and preventive care such as vaccines however, with the appropriate funding and health care providers this goal can also be reached.