Classification Of Network Topology

Classification Of net income betroth analysis situsThe abrogate point regional anatomy refers that substance in which the end points, or stations, given up to the communicate be intercommitted or it is the arrangements of systems in a info processor electronic net arrive at. It keister be either physical or logical. The physical regional anatomy refers that, how a meshing is placed in a physical way and it entrust include the devices, installation and location. crystal clear analysis situs refers that how a info transfers in a meshing as opposed to its design.The network topology rat be categorized into bus, ring, paladin, tree and operate.Hybrid networks (They are the intricate networks, which rout out be built of two or more(prenominal) topologies together). manager TopologyA bus topology is characterized by the use of a multi point speciality. A long and single cable acts as a backb maven to connect all the devices in a network. In a bus topology, all reckoners are stations attaching by dint of the tap (an interfacing ironware to connect to the network) and it connects right away to the bus network. Datas are transmitting and receiving to the bus, by the semidetached house actions mingled with the tap and the device. Devices in the bus topology send a broadcast message to the new(prenominal) device for conferences. But the proposed device can only accepts and processes the messages.AdvantagesBus topology can install actually soft on a network.Cabling result be less compare to early(a) topologies because of the main backbone cable laid efficiently in the network path.Bus topology suited for a small network.If one electronic computer fails in the network, the early(a) computers are non affected they go away save to work.It is likewise less expensive than friend topology.DisadvantagesThe cable length will limited and there by limits the function of stations.The main cable (backbone cable) fails, and because t he unblemished network will fail.It is very difficult to trouble shoot. aliment cost is very high in a long run.Terminators are indispensable for both the ends of the cable.Ring topologyThe ring topology is the network consists of dedicated point to point connection and a set of repeaters in a closed loop. Signals passing through ring in a single direction until they r to each one to its final destination. It may be clipping wise or anti clock wise. Datas are transmitted in the form of frames. These topologies are used in school campuses and nigh postal service buildings.AdvantagesIt performs better than star topology under heavy work commoveFor managing the connection between the computers, there is no need for the network server.It is cheaper than star topology because of less wiring.By adding the token ring in the network, can create large network.Very order network because all the devices has a access to the token ring and opportunity to transmit.DisadvantagesA failure or break in the ring, it can disable the replete(p) network.It is much laggard than an Ethernet network with under normal load.Any moves, changes and ads of the devices can affect the network. engagement connection devices like ( engagement adapter cards and MAU) are much more expense than Ethernet cards.Star TopologyStar topology is the network in which each station is directly attached to a central connecting pommel called hub. In star topology all the devices are not directly connected to one another(prenominal). All the devices are connecting to the central server (switching hub). This topology does not enable the direct traffic between the devices in the network. A controller act as the interface between the devices. A star topology feature, each device needs only one get in touch and one input/output port to connect the number devices in the network. This fount of topology is used in local area networks (LAN) and sometimes high speed LAN often uses a star topology with cen tral hub.AdvantagesIf anyone connection is fails in the network, it will not affect the integral network. Only that connection or nexus affected.It is easy to identify the displacement and fault isolation.Easy to expand the network in the star topology.No failure to the network when connecting or removing devices.It is very easy to manage because of its rest in the function.DisadvantagesIn a star topology, if the central connecting device goes down, the entire network will fails.It requires more cable length compared to the linear bus topology.Star topology is more expensive than bus topology because o the connection ports like hub.Tree TopologyTree topology is the generalized form of the bus topology. It integrates the ten-fold star topologies together on to a bus. The entropy transmission system of the tree topology, through the cables with closed loops. The transmission medium is a branching cable with no closed loops. The layout of the tree topology is beginning at the head end. These layouts expect many branches and these are sooner complex layouts in the topology. Any transmission from the device is going through the medium and it can receive by all other devices in the tree topology network. Tree Topology will give the involution of the existing network.AdvantagesTree topology is well supported by the computer ironware and software program vendors.Point to point wiring for each and every segments of the network.It is the best topology for the branched networks.DisadvantagesIt is more expensive because more hubs are required to install the network.Tree topology is entirely depends upon the backbone line, if it fails then the entire network would fail.It is very difficult to configure and wire than other network topologies.In a tree topology, the length of network depends on the type of cable being used.Mesh TopologyIn a mesh topology, every device has connected to each other or a dedicated point to point link to every other device. (Dedicat ed term means that the traffic links only between the two devices it connects). To take chances the number of physical links in a respectabley connected mesh network with n pommels, we first consider that each node mustiness be connected to other node. Node 1 must be connected to n-1nodes, node 2 must be connected to n-1nodes, and finally node n must be connected n-1 nodes. If each physical link in the network can allow the communication in both directions, we can divide the number of links by 2.In other words we can say that in a mesh topology, we need n (n-1)/2.Suppose if we are connecting 15 nodes in a mesh topology, then the number of cables requiredCN = n (n-1)/2 CN = modus operandi of cables= 15 (15 1)/2 n = Node= 15*14/2= 15*7= 105Therefore, the total number of cables required for connecting 15 nodes = 105.AdvantagesThere is no traffic problem because of the dedicated link in the mesh network.Mesh topology is very strong. If any link becomes not active it does not deact ivate the entire system.Point-to-point links make full identification and fault isolation easy.Security or privacy for information travels along the dedicated line.Network can be expanded without any disruptions to the exploiters.DisadvantagesInstallation and reconnection are difficult.Mesh topology required more cabling and the number input/output ports comparing with other network topologies.Sheer deal of the wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate.The gravidware required to connect each link can be prohi insect biteively expensive.Hybrid TopologyA network can be hybrid, which uses two or more network topologies together in a network. An example of hybrid technology is the star ring network.OSI seat in the NetworkThe OSI pose was developed by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) in 1947, as a pose for a computer protocol architecture and as a frame work for developing protocol standards. The purpose of the OSI pretense is show h ow the communications are going through in a network between incompatible systems. The OSI get is not a protocol it is a model for apprehending a network architecture .This model is flexible, very strong and interoperable. The OSI model is a pointed frame work for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. OSI model contains of seven points, each of which unsexs a part of the process moving culture across a network.The OSI reference model has been divided into two categories concord to their specific functions in the network architecture pep pill points and move layers. The lower layers are used to allow traffic through the network to the other system. The other four layers are used to complete the process to the other system.The Advantages of the OSI model are given belowIt helps the exploiter to understand the undivided features involved in networkingOSI model gives a better understanding to the users that how a soft ware and hardware components working together in the networks.Trouble gibe in the OSI model is easier as it breaks the network into usable layersThe basic functional relationship toll are defined so that it can be used by network professional on another networkThe users can understand new technologies as they develop in this modelUpper tiers of the OSI Models areApplication layerPresentation layer posing layerThe upper layers have act as an interface between the end user and the applications. It consists of all the issues about the application, presentation and sessions and these layers are applied in software only. The application layer is more close to the end user.Examples of upper layer technologies in the OSI model are SNMP, FTP, and WWW etc.Lower Layers of the OSI Model cargo ships LayerNetwork LayerData link LayerPhysical LayerThese layers provide network specific functions like data channelise issues (flow control, addressing and routing). The bottom layers in the OSI mod el (physical layer and data link layer) can use in software and hardware also. TCP, UDP, IP, IPX are some examples for the lower layers.Application layerThe application layer act as the interface to the end users can access the network. Application layer is the layer the user sees in contest of loading an application such as e-mail, supporting the file transfer, ability to print on a network, surfriding the World Wide Web etc. These layer have another specific functions like network virtual terminal, access and management, mail work and directory services. Protocols used in this layer are SMTP, Telnet, FTP, and SNMP.Presentation layerIn the presentation layer, the application formats the data to be sent out on the network depending on the presentation layer. The presentation allows applications to read and understand the data or message sent.The presentation layer is also responsible for the translation, capsule and encryption. Messages are sending between the layers. Presentatio n layer will repeat data into understandable for the transmission. This layer also handles the encryption, decryption, data compression and decompression. academic session layerThe session layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, suffers and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems. This layer is responsible for opening, using and closing session. It handles the remote procedure calls. Session layers are communication through the gateways and application interfaces. Session layer will also places check points in the data flow. Examples for the session layer are SQL, ASP, and RPC etc. transportation layerThe transport layer offers end to end communication between the two end networks devices in a network. The transport layer is also responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. A process is an application program running on a host. The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both faulting control and flow control at the source-to-destination level. Transport layer gives a type of address to the data called port address. Transport layer also have the responsibilities of detecting transmission misplay and the straightlaced sequence. This layer divides the messages into smaller packets and it controls the data flow.Network layerA Network layer provides the end to end (source to destination) delivery of a packet, across the multiple networks (links). This layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. Network layer gives logical addressing, so that endpoint (receiver) can be identified. During a packet delivery process it send messages and report errors. This layer also defines the routing works and how routers can learn how a packet can deliver. Examples for network layer protocols are IP, IPX, and TCMP etc.Data link layerA Data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer. This layer divides the datas into frames and gives the physical address. It uses the MAC address for define a hardware or data link address .Data link layer handles the flow control, error control and the access control. This layer can identify the specific computer on the network.Data link layer contains two sub layers Logical Link Control and Medium Access Control. LLC is the upper layer and which maintain and establish the communication links to the device. And it also responsible for the frame error control and addressing.MAC is the lower sub layer of the data link layer. It controls how the devices sharing the media channel.Physical layerA Physical layer is used to define the connector and interface conditions, also the medium requirements which are cables. The Electrical, Mechanical, Procedural and functional conditions are also defined by sending a bit stream on the network. This layer defines the characteris tics and different types of medium. Physical layer defines the data rate i.e. the duration of a bit or how long they will exist. Physical layer will tell the transmission mode between two devices. Examples for the physical layers are Cables, hubs, switches, repeaters etc.ConclusionNetwork topologies helps the user to understand the whole features involved in networking and also how the software hardware components together in networks. Network topology provides easy to trouble shooting the OSI models. Users can understand very well about the new technologies in the OSI model.ResourcesI have searched various websites and books for gathering information about the network topologies and OSI model.Strength of the excogitateI have studied the assignment very deeply and did very hard work for doing this assignment.I collected different type of resources for getting the information for this project like books, journals and websites etc.The project has been completed with the support of m y lecture by giving some utilizable tips.Effective time scheduling really helps me for doing the project.Weaknesses of the projectIt was very hard to find out the meaning(a) information for this assignment.Lack of experience for doing these kinds of assignment.What I learned from this projectProject planning is very much important for doing a successful project.If we can spend relatively more time on our project, it will be much better for the project.I have learnt how to work under pressure and how to complete the given project in a scheduled time.