Purpose and History Essay

The Code of Ur-Nammu assumed an savvy that the law descended from the gods, and the king or ruler was the administrator of the law on the part of the wad. Under this code, severe penalties were considered to be unnecessary for the majority of crimes. Since people believed to know how they should be develop towards severally other, monetary fines served as a monitor lizard of how to be nurture (Mark, 2014). The structure of the Code of Hammurabi is very particular, with each offense having a distinct discipline. The punishments tended to be extremely critical compared to like a shots unexampled day standards, some(prenominal) of the offenses resulted in death, disfigurement, or the ingestion of what we know today as Eye for eye, tooth for tooth (Lex Talionis Law of Retaliation) philosophy. The Code of Hammurabi is one of the earlier examples of law where the assumption of innocence has been incorporated, and the accused and accuser have the opportunity to give rise and presen t evidence on their behalf. However, no provisions were do for extenuating circumstances to be presented in order to alter any dictate punishment. History of prison developmentDuring the early colonial years, prisons had not but been developed as a form of punishment for crimes. The colonists did however use immures, copying the English dodge of gallows, in order to hold defendants who were awaiting struggle or for those already convicted and were awaiting their corporal or capital punishment. These jails had deplorable conditions. inadequate men, women, and children were all housed together, with very little food or sanitary conditions. Offenders who could establish it paid a bung in order to avoid jail this early bail system enabled the rich to pay a fee in order to be released. The conditions in both the English and colonial jails during the 1600s and 1700s were so deplorable that few doubted the need for reform (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). Comparison of the dada and A uburn systemThe daddy system was known as the disrupt and silent system, with silence en obligate and inmates not allowed to see or communication with each other. Through this approach, it was believed that offenders would not be morally contaminated and be trained in crime by other prisoners. There were some(prenominal) problems with the Pennsylvania system. First, it was almost impossible to keep prisoners from seeing and communicating with each other. Second, it was very expensive to operate, as a requirement to keep prisoners stranded this increased the number of staff members needed. Third, in that respect was very limited productivity by inmates, as a requirement to scarper alone in their cells did not allow for as much production of goods for resale as was desired. Fourth, opponents of the operating theatre of the Pennsylvania prisons suggested that the solitude imposed on prisoners made many of them mentally ill. Finally, the planned operation was modified almost imm ediately.Two prisoners were placed in a cell together so one could learn a trade from the other and increase the production of goods. The warden of the Eastern Penitentiary, Samuel Wood, used prisoners as servants in his home and allowed them to communicate. The Pennsylvania system seemed doomed from its beginning and forced prison operators in other states to search for new approaches to overcome the problems. Although there was great interest in the Pennsylvania system, only two states ( parvenue tee shirt and Rhode Island) adopted its separate and silent system. However, both soon abandoned the Pennsylvania system in favor of the improved system that was created in Auburn, New York (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). The Auburn system became known as the congregate and silent system as officials continued to reduce the spread of criminal ideas by inmates by silence and strict discipline. Barnes and Teeters describe the enforcement of the system through lockstep marching with eyeball do wncast, hard work and activity while outside cells, and prohibitions of inmates even existence face to face.After the operation of Auburn was copied at clack Sing prison in New York, as well as at prisons in other states, the Auburn system was recognized as dampen than the Pennsylvania system. The prisons were cheaper to build and operate, the congregate style allowed production of goods and more income for the state, and less prisoners developed mental health problems. Other prisons being built crossways the country adopted the Auburn system. The operation of prisons for sentencedoffenders received international attention, and many countries sent representatives to examine the operation of both the Pennsylvania-style and Auburn-style prisons.Although the Pennsylvania style of prisons was rarely favored in the United States, most international visitors found advantages in both, and many preferred the Pennsylvania system because of its effort to avoid contaminant among prisone rs. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Auburn style of silence, hard work, interval at night, congregation during the day to maximize production of goods, and strict view as was the method used for most American prisons (Richard P. Seiter, 2011). Impact and involvement of prison labor over timeThroughout US history, there have been many laws both morally and ethically concerning prison labor. The Hawes-Cooper make out and the Ashurst-Sumner Act made interstate trading of prison-made goods illegal. During the 1970s, many of laws regarding prison labor were amended. The justice System Improvement Act of 1979 allowed for the privatization of prisons and the transport of their goods across state lines. once this change in the law took place, the prison industry profits hawk rocketed from $392 million to $1.31 billion. Prison industry partnerships benefit both businesses and inmates. Businesses are provided with a stable, motivated work force, with reduced overhea d, an alternative to overseas operations, and a made in the USA label. Inmates are provided with income to offset the cost of their incarceration, allows for compensation to victims and provides the inmates family with support. Inmates have the ability to learn a trade and gain valuable work experience (U.S. Prison Labor At Home and Abroad, 2003).ReferencesMark, J. J. (2014). antediluvian patriarch History Encyclopedia. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ancient.eu.com/Ur-Nammu/Richard P. Seiter. (2011). Corrections an introduction. Retrieved from Richard P. Seiter, CJA234 Bachelor of Science in Criminal referee Admin/Human Services website.U.S. Prison Labor at Home and Abroad. (2003). Retrieved fromhttp//www1.american.edu/TED/jail.htm