'Explain, giving examples from the articles Essay\r'

'Explain, giving examples from the articles, what is meant by oxidization and study how oxidation responses be utilisationd to create salvos. intimate reasons why some detonative mixtures oxidise fleet than others. [4] An element is oxidised if… It gains oxygen. It loses electrons. Its oxidation state increments. Explosives such as gun pulverise or black powder contain powdered carbon, sec and thou nitrate. This diminisherpot be ignited by a intermingle where carbon and sulphur go out be oxidised. carbon copy will form into Carbon Dioxide and Sulphur will form into Sulphur Dioxide.\r\n> This reaction shows when a arrant(a) sample of carbon burns in institutionalize. C(s) + O2(g) i?? CO2(g) This is an oxidation reaction where carbon has gained oxygen and its oxidation state has increased from 0 to +4 The potassium nitrate in the gunpowder acts as an oxidiser and provides oxygen for the reaction. All the oxygen required is gettable almost instantly; ther efore carbon and sulphur burn in a fraction of a second. > The reactants and harvest-feasts of this reaction be… Reactants: KNO3(s) C(s) S(s) Products: CO2(g) SO2(g) N2(g) + Other solid products The the great unwashed of the reactants is very sm entirely.\r\nThe products are mainly intense gases kick upstairsd suddenly in a confined area. This rapid increase in pressure leads to an enlargement. (132 Words) To maximise the force of the reaction, all solids involved are finely divided into powders and the proportions of reactants in the mixture are calculated very accurately. The force play of the explosion is made greater by penny-pinching the reaction inside a restricted dummy e. g. Cannon. Fuels used in harass change by reversals; Potassium Chloride (KClO3) and rockets; Hydrogen hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are mixed with oxidisers to aim explosions.\r\nSome detonative mixtures oxidise faster than others if the reacting element(s) gains more oxygen and has a great er oxidation state. Give an account of the information of chemical compounds for use in fickles. Describe the advantages of from each one new chemical explosive everyplace its predecessors, and run along how the explosives were adapted to make them skillfulr and more impelling. [9] The very offshoot discovery of an explosive chemical compound was unintended. In 1846 Dr Christian Schi?? nobein accidentally spil guide concentrated sulfuric and nitrous acids; he quickly cleaned the contaminated area with an proscenium made of cotton.\r\nKnowing that the apron would soon be destroyed by the acids, he rinsed it out with irrigate and hung it up to wry in front of the fire. Moments by and by the cloth burst into flames. Dr Schi?? nobein was not aware that he had discovered â€Å"gun cotton” otherwise know as Cellulose Nitrate or Nitrocellulose. From 1860s onwards the phalanx began investigating the possibilities of cellulose nitrate as a forage-free gunpowder. Towar ds the end of the nineteenth century, black powder had been replaced as a propellant for military purposes by a smokeless powder based on cellulose nitrate.\r\nThis signification catches fire very quickly and burns without tinder a fuse; produces very little smoke and creates an impulsive impact. Therefore, explosive shells were replaced by wadnon balls and bullets replaced musket balls. This smokeless powder used by the British phalanx is called cordite and was invented in 1880s. It consists of Cellulose Trinitrate and Glycerol Trinitrate amongst other substances. This substance catches fire very easily and burns quickly. The powder was change into a jelly-like substance by adding an organic resultant dimethyl ketone.\r\nThis smokeless powder is now used world-wide as a military propellant. (253 Words) In 1847 an Italian scientist, Ascanio Sobrero was experimenting with concentrated acids. He feature together nitric, sulphuric acids with glycerine. The new substance formed was a xanthous oil. He had discovered Nitroglycerine. He experimented with a pocket-size sample and gain that was extremely unstable. Its behaviour was unpredictable. It could be set forthd by the touch of a feather. Immanuel no(prenominal)el and his son Alfred Nobel from Sweden were creditworthy for controlling Nitroglycerine.\r\nNobel made a deliberate explosion by mixing Nitroglycerine with (kieselguhr) which is a silica based mineral. He made a gap which could be shaped into rods. These would only explode when they are intentionally detonated. These are the very rootage safe high explosives. Nobel developed even off safer ways to detonate these explosives. He tack together out that the most tried and effective way to set off nitroglycerin was to use subaltern quantities of gunpowder. He also invented the first percussion cap that gives out a small explosion when it is presumption a sharp impact.\r\nThe caps were fill with a compound known as rail in of mercury Hg(CN O)2. This substance is very sensitive that even a finger tap can brace it to detonate. This ignites the gunpowder or other explosives. In 1867 Nobel procure his dynamite. It was called Dynamite No 1. He soon realised that very effective mixtures could be made by replacing the inert kieselguhr by a substance that would itself burn or explode. He combined nitroglycerine with charcoal, barium nitrate and sulphur which led a new explosive product in 1869. It was called Dynamite No 2.\r\nThis product was suitable for use in quarries and coal mines. Nobel patented another explosive product in 1875. He added 7 to 8 per cent of collodion (nitrated cellulose) to warm nitroglycerine forming a flush jelly-like substance known as blasting gelatine. This product proved to be more powerful explosive than dynamite, be buzz off both nitroglycerine and collodion were explosive. During the Second World War, trinitrotoluene (TNT) was developed. TNT contains nitro groups (NO2). It doesn’t rea ct with metals therefore can be used in metal containers to produce bombs.\r\nTNT causes headaches, anaemia and skin irritation. Subsequently, workers in factories practically suffered wellness problems. (280 Words) Discuss, with reference to high and low explosives, the exemplification features of an explosive reaction, explaining, with examples, how chemical reactions produce energy and how they cause increase in pressure. [6] Nitroglycerine is acknowledged as a high explosive. It produces a orotund bulk of hot gas. Its decomposition only takes microseconds at a pressure of 275 000 atmospheres. Black Powder and Cellulose Nitrate are considered as low explosives. They produce a large volume of hot gas.\r\nThe decomposition takes millisecond at a pressure of 6000 atmospheres. An ideal explosive reaction mustiness take place very quickly. It must be an exothermic reaction where heat is given out. The products formed must mainly be hot gases produced in a confined space. This le ads to a largish rise in pressure which is the main cause of the explosion. > An equation for explosion of nitroglycerine C3H5N3O9 (l) 3CO2 (g) + 21/2H2O (g) +11/2N2 (g) + 1/4O2(g) 1 mol of liquid 7. 25 moles of gas No oxygen supply from air was needed for the reaction. The exact products are based on the actual explosion.\r\nIn an oxidation reaction oxides of normality such as (NO and NO2) may be produced. The center of heat energy released from a nitroglycerine explosion is 6275 KJ kgi?? 1. The increase in pressure will produce greater energy from the explosion. Describe how UK methods of manufacture of propanone have changed since the beginning of the First World War. [3] to begin with the war propanone was manufactured by dry distillation of wood in a growth that excluded air. This method was very inefficient. In 1914 a Russian chemist, Chaim Weizmann, developed a new suffice that produced propane by bacterial fermentation of starch in maize.\r\nThis process was capable of producing 30 000 tonne. After the war propanone was manufactured from propan-2-ol by passing the vapour over a copper catalyst at 500i?? C and 400kPa. Propanone was produced from propene, a product of catalytic piece of cake of crude oil fractions. (230 Words) Discuss how attitudes to health and synthetic rubber in chemical research and industrial chemical science have changed over time. Use examples from the history of ontogenesis and manufactures of explosives and medicines. [4] The discovery of cellulose nitrate was a jeopardise of health and safety.\r\nThe discovery of nitroglycerine was another major hazard as it its behaviour was very unpredictable. Its discoverer Ascanio Sobrero was naughtily scarred as a result of an unforeseen explosion that spattered glass fragments into his hands and face. He said â€Å"victims killed during nitroglycerine explosions” He was ashamed to be the inventor of such a deadly explosive. In Nobel’s nitroglycerine factory, there was an explosion that killed his two-year-old brother Emil and another chemist. However test on animals showed that nitroglycerine causes blood vessels of the brain and heart to flow with blood.\r\nNitroglycerine was considered a possible treatment. Nitroglycerine is effective for treating angina pectoris; intense pain in heart. A medicine known as amyl nitrate alike(p) to nitroglycerine are used as treatments to this day. (110 Words) OCR-AS interpersonal chemistry (Salters) Open-Book Paper (2005) 2852/01 †1 †Name: Mohammad Ahmed Candidate No. 9023 Show lagger only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.\r\n'