The WTO has been hijacked by rich country interests, thereby worsening Essay

The WTO has been seized by rich nation premiums, accordingly declining the states of the poor in less prosperous nations - Essay Example Accepting the instance of Zimbabwe as for example, one can perceive how the WTO tries to abuse this asset rich region of the globe for its mineral riches while simultaneously dismissing the market estimation of completed products or food that Zimbabwe is fit for delivering (Baumberg and Anderson, 2008). All things considered, the relationship is just a single direction relationship wherein Zimbabwe, and numerous countries like it, are compelled to offer their items at lower costs to the more extravagant individuals from the WTO. Further, even the merchandise that may exist to be exchanged on the worldwide market are lopsidedly valued and bolted out of key worldwide markets because of the activities that substances, for example, the WTO lock in. Indeed, it must not be the comprehension of the peruser that such a circumstance of crude material extraction and value setting is some way or another interesting with respect to sub-Saharan Africa. Rather, the grievous truth is that created c ountries around the world use value setting and cash wars, just as item dumping, to guarantee that this specific way to deal with worldwide matchless quality and financial force are kept up at a foundational level. Further, taking the case of Burma, a country that has as of late ventured out of military tyranny, it tends to be comprehended that the WTO additionally tries to exploit this country; not just concerning its excess of modest work yet with respect to its horticultural fares. As an immediate consequence of the consolidated advantage of particular exchange, WTO part countries, explicitly the affluent ones, can pay their own ranchers a sponsorship all together that they may have the option to contend with the minimal effort fares of countries, for example, Burma. In such a way, substances, for example, the WTO can misuse more unfortunate/less created countries by driving them to sell the items that are wanted at a given cost just as guaranteeing that they can't gorow their ow n local economy by financing any industry or rural area that risks being surpassed by the modest fares that such a country may give to the market (Williams, 2001). One need look no farther than the manner by which overwhelming degrees of endowments exist all through Western Europe and the United States so as to comprehend the manner by which offenses moves are persistently drawn in to guarantee that the third world can't contend with the first. All things considered, the remove understanding that can be given from this concise examination is the way that the WTO is eventually similar to some other association is comprised of countless partners (Antell and Coleman, 2011). As opposed to establishing that the WTO is brought to human morals and ought to be broken up promptly and forward with, the more sensible and reasonable understanding that ought to be locked in is the way that a lopsided degree of influence and determinacy is given to those countries that hold the riches all through the worldwide framework; empowering them to exploit the more unfortunate countries and set costs as opposed to taking part in a degree of genuine financial opportunity and participation. Amusingly, this degree of opportunity and monetary participation is the foundation whereupon the WTO was initially established. Be that as it may, as can be seen from the first

Sociology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanism - Research Paper Example This paper examinations the estimation of religion in our public activity. Despite the fact that, the maker has not made any religions on the planet, he has enabled to mankind in isolating great and malice. This capacity fluctuates with people and henceforth they began to decipher things distinctively which brought about the development of various convictions lastly various religions on the planet. One of the basic components of the considerable number of religions is that every one of them work for the protection of good qualities or moral standards. No religion, either accept or advocate improper things. Hence, for continuing great qualities in the general public all religions assume a significant job. All the religions have a love place; for Christians, it is church, for Muslims, Mosques are utilized for revering god, Hindus utilizes sanctuaries while the Jews use Synagogues as their love places. One of the normal components of these spots is that every one of these elements are places where part of individuals amass for the love exercises. It is where all the individuals collect for a similar goal; adoring. Huge mingling is occurring in these kinds of spots which reinforce the social holding between the individuals. â€Å"Socialization is the procedure by which youngsters and grown-ups gain from others. We start gaining from others during the beginning of life; and a great many people proceed with their social learning all through life†(What is the socialization procedure?) It gives the individual the aptitudes and propensities important for driving an effective public activity. A general public capacities through shared standards, perspectives, values, thought processes, social jobs, images and dialects. Family, school, companionship, religion or love places and so forth are a portion of the significant mingling operators in the general public. I have a place with a Christian, people group and I can securely say that my religion has assumed a significant job in molding my character and perspectives identified with ethical quality

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Global Relations - Essay Example Correspondingly IGOs endeavor to upgrade universal relations and collaboration while NGOs attempt to convey formative guides to their recipients. A definitive objective of a NGO is to improve manageable turn of events though an IGO’s crucial to elevate human rights and to help financial turn of events. The key purpose of qualification is that IGOs may incorporate governments when NGOs may not2. 2. ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ is a financial hypothesis created by Garrett Hardin. The hypothesis expresses that people who act autonomously as indicated by their personal matters regularly act in opposition to the drawn out interests of the entire gathering by draining basic assets whose request is overpowering the supply3. All the more essentially, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ can be just alluded to a financial issue where each individual attempts to best endeavor a given asset. At the point when the interest for this specific asset overpowers the flexibly, people who devour an additional unit legitimately act against the interests of others who have no longer access to the advantages. This monetary issue happens when people disregard the prosperity of the entire society trying to engage their own advantages. This financial hypothesis is frequently connected to maintainable turn of events and a dangerous atmospheric devation as they are identified with t he abuse of assets by people in quest for their own benefits. Seas, climate, national stops, and fish stocks are a portion of the instances of ‘commons’. 3. As per a few specialists, human rights speak to moral rules that characterize explicit gauges of human conduct regardless of social or national differences4. Human rights are considered as lawful rights over the globe and especially ensured under national and universal law. These rights have a place with all individuals basically in light of the fact that they are people. It is conceivable to

How Does The World Leading Companies Interact with Society: An investigation into the performance of Louis Vuitton Essay

Established in 1854, Louis Vuitton Moã «t Hennessy (LVMH) had become the world’s biggest extravagance design house brand gathering and figure out how to pick up deals income of 20,320 million euros in 2010 to 23, 659 million Euro in 2011 and 28, 103 million Euro in 2012 (Jin, 2012). These days in business world, the survivability of business relies upon how it associate with the general public. The method of an organization act toward the general public and condition is the key for an organization to accomplish gainfulness and keep up great notoriety as little activity give a major effect (Hartman, 2005). For this situation, an organization sincere goal will much of the time shadowed by it terrible strides in harming society even it is accidentally done. Interestingly for that, Louis Vuitton had drilled their honest goal by propelling ecological division in 1992 so as to safeguard the nature in this way helping Louis Vuitton to create excellent item (LVMH dispatches its own Green Week, 2012). Behind the scene, Louis Vuitton additionally expands their carbon emanation by 25% in 2012 while figure out how to builds their income by 19% in 2012 (LVMH, 2012). In a similar time, Louis Vuitton continue enlightening the general public regarding their approach of not permitting kid work (LVMH: Supplier’s Code Of direct, 2014) yet lamentably, it simply one more turn doctoring to conceal another mix-up they had done. This would comment that Louis Vuitton covertly carries the negative effect on condition and to the network around them. This paper will surveyed reality with regards to the genuine commitment of LVMH towards society. Despite that, there are as yet different partners that are not being talked about exhaustive this examination. The body of evidence against Louis Vuitton For an extravagance brand to be judge as fruitful organization, the marker isn't about how well known the organization yet it is settled on how ageless, current, quickly developing and profoundly beneficial they are (LVMH brand for progress, 2002). For sure, the method of the organization connect with the general public despite everything will be take into the thought as it such unseemly for an organization to have high benefit by ‘taking down’ individuals who are likewise the clients (Hartman, 2005, 53). To close the exhibition of LVMH, it is extremely imperative to write down their commitment in improving the world a spot. In this unique circumstance, itâ is a need to concentrate how well is an organization in decreasing carbon dioxide emanation in lessening critical environmental change level today (Antonio, 2009, 15). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of ozone depleting substance discharged by human exercises including the creation procedures of merchandise in LVMH. Modern exercises contribute 11% of carbon emanation in the environment that is a principle factor of a worldwide temperature alteration (EPA 2013). An Earth-wide temperature boost ought not be disparaged as it would prompt changes awful impacts to world, for example, increment the ocean level that cause by dissolving of the Arctic ocean ice and icy masses. It was accounted for by The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that there was a 22cm ascent in ocean level in the twentieth century and 22cm ascent in ocean level in the twentieth century because of carbon outflow. Step by step, Louis Vuitton is expanding its carbon emanation. The Catch 22 here is Louis Vuitton should offer exertion to improve the way of life of its partners which is the general public however in a similar time Louis Vuitton is gradually ‘killingâ€℠¢ the world. What an importance of wearing jazzy outfit yet toward the end individuals got no spot as their home. The record unequivocally show that LVMH was discharging 193,371 tons of (CO2) of carbon outflow in 2012 which is downright terrible for condition (LVMH 2012). In 2011, Louis Vuitton recorded 155,362 tons of (CO2) carbon discharge which is lesser than in 2012. It was accepted that the carbon emanation rose because of partnership of LVMH with Murakami in creating new plan and example (Riot, 2013). Regardless of that, Louis Vuitton should think about coalition of a few items in the event that they would truly like to limit the carbon discharge. Louis Vuitton had announced that it is one of their approach to repay the carbon emanation however lamentably in the creation of design and cowhide products, carbon discharges had rose by 71% in 2012 (55,978 metric tons) contrasted with 2011 (32,714 metric tons) which is because of this partnership (LVMH, 2012). Louis Vuitton appears to just anticipates that their provider should be submitted in moderate with carbon outflow created from the gracefully chain which is outside their ability to control (LVMH 2011). This would comment that it is unimaginable for LVMH to advance a superior situation with no unmistakable estimates taken in beat this issue. Is Louis Vuitton extremely mindful that because of their impetuses of imagining new items cause increment in carbon outflow uncontrollably. What can be closed from this circumstance, LVMH is attempting to turn doctoring by just telling their motivating forces in improving their partners ways of life and yet they are not so much determinedâ and care about their stakeholders’ future. The case for Louis Vuitton Rather than those issues that previously talked about above, it is evident that Louis Vuitton knows about those issue occurred and do truly offer exertion to conquer the carbon discharge issue. The facts demonstrate that LVMH truly rehearsing a strategy so as to help the natural insurance that represent them as a gathering that ready to diminish the negative effect of their exercises to condition by restricting the carbon outflow (Louis Vuitton 2012). In 2006, Louis Vuitton had done a couple of preparing programs in urging their laborers to ensure the earth via cautiously utilizing normal assets, limit the vitality and water utilization and diminishing waste (UNGC 2006). Louis Vuitton likewise had set up Environment division since 1992 to protect the nature. One of the elements of nature division is to elevates every worker to rehearse the correct perspectives along these lines guaranteeing their responsibility in saving the earth. In example, Louis Vuitton was sorted out two workshops on â€Å"ISO 14001† and â€Å"Carbon footprint† to build the comprehension of how significant of an organization in guaranteeing the earth is wellbeing for humanity (LVMH 2012). Subsequently, in this exertion, Louis Vuitton was leading progressively 700 preparing hours in elevating attention to their standard worker at Sainte-Florence workshop and 111 preparing hours at the Barbera workshop (LVMH 2012). Louis Vuitton attempted to spread the significance of safeguarding the nature to their employee’s partners and not exclusively to their representatives. Shockingly, this storyline occurred before the episodes of carbon discharge occurred. From what can be induced is, Louis Vuitton presumably lessening their endeavors in moderating carbon outflow after their partners as of now see Louis Vuitton as a truly decided gathering in advancing better condition. Get down to the idea of an effective organization, the exe rtion of Louis Vuitton in playing out the collusion with Murakami is likewise reasonable as making the organization exceptionally gainful. In basic word, it is additionally out of line to pass judgment on Louis Vuitton as the terrible one in expanding the carbon outflow as each and every activity have their own exchange offs. From past occasions, it was truly demonstrated how decide Louis Vuitton in elevating better ways of life to their partners. For instance, in observing Lantern Festival in China, they had designed a lamp assortment and a mahjong setâ for Chinese individuals (Chan, 2011, 101). For this situation, it isn't generally a requirement for Louis Vuitton to do that as they as of now figure out how to make high benefit from other item yet because of their soul to improve individuals ways of life, they truly give an exertion for a piece of total populace in China. Moreover, Louis Vuitton is additionally extremely mindful of workers’ right. As the world was stunned by use of kid work by Nike in 2001, Louis Vuitton never engaged with such issues. It very well may be seen that Louis Vuitton is truly decided with their arrangement of not utilizing kid work in their creation. What's more of that, Louis Vuitton additionally expressed in their approach that they will give suitable wages to thei r laborers and will truly deal with them as the organization resources (LVMH: Supplier’s Code Of lead, 2014). In this way, Louis Vuitton commitments in advancing better society likewise ought not be kept away from because of their couple of errors in leading their business as they may have no expectation to cause things to turn out to be seriously decline. End Louis Vuitton is connecting with the general public in both positive and negative ways. Louis Vuitton had gave their best to give a superior items that would fulfilled their partners. They had developing a ton of new plan to suit with the stakeholders’ needs. This would represented how well Louis Vuitton reaction to society is. Regardless of that, Louis Vuitton greatest damage to society which is carbon outflow is additionally the primary issue that ought not be kept away from as Louis Vuitton is fabricating, moving and bundling their items. It knows that carbon discharge discharged by Louis Vuitton would bring terrible effect for worldwide network particularly the up and coming age of human in future. Rather than making strategies, Louis Vuitton is truly giving exertion in rehearsing those arrangements despite the fact that occasionally they neglected to do as such. All in all, Louis Vuitton needs to have a decent connection with the general public by satisfying not just the requirements of their investors and network yet additionally their necessities. References Antonio, Robert J. 2009. Environmental Change, the Resource Crunch, and The Global Growth Imperative. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Chan, Priscilla Y.L. 2011. Design retailing in China: An assessment of its turn of events and issues. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions | Climate Change US EPA.† Accessed March 26, 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html. Hartman, Laura P. 2005. Perspect

Governance mechanisms Essay

1). Proof from exact investigations of short-run cost-yield connections loans backing to the: 2). Equal the initial investment examination typically expect the entirety of the accompanying with the exception of: 3). Fit as a fiddle of the cost-yield relationship just ____ deterioration is important. Answer 4). In the direct breakeven model, the breakeven deals volume (in dollars) can be found by increasing the breakeven deals volume (in units) by: 5). A firm in unadulterated rivalry would close down when: Chosen Answer: cost is not exactly normal variable cost Correct Answer: cost is not exactly normal variable expense 6). Purchasers envision that the brief distribution center dealer of unbranded PC gear will Answer 7). A â€Å"experience good† is one that: 8). Experience merchandise are items or administrations 9). The interest bend confronting the firm in ____ is equivalent to the business request bend. 10). In the electric force industry, private clients have moderately ____ interest for power contrasted and enormous modern clients. In any case, as opposed to value segregation, enormous modern clients by and large are charged ____ rates. 11). The training by phone organizations of charging lower significant distance rates around evening time than during the day is a case of: 12). Of the accompanying, which isn't a financial method of reasoning for open utility guideline? 13). In the event that a cartel tries to expand benefits, the piece of the pie (or portion) for each firm ought to be set at a level with the end goal that the ____ of all organizations is indistinguishable. 1 4). Which of coming up next is a case of an oligopolistic advertise structure? 15). Some economic situations make cartels MORE liable to prevail in agreement. Which of the accompanying will make intrigue progressively effective? 16). Indeed, even perfect cartels will in general be insecure on the grounds that 17). In making guarantees that are not ensured by outsiders and in forcing punishments that are not upheld by outsiders, the entirety of coming up next are validity improving components with the exception of 18). The Prisoner’s Dilemma includes two covert agents who are held in independent soundproof rooms. Butâ even if the two government operatives could impart, what makes it hard for them to accomplish the helpful arrangement (both not admitting)? 19). At the point when aircrafts post costs on an electronic notice board at 8:00 a.m. every morning, the chiefs are occupied with 20). To believe a potential cooperator until the primary deserting and afterward never collaborate from that point is 21). Excursion visits to Europe perpetually bundle visits to dissimilar areas: urban areas, mountains, and the ocean side. Packaging, a kind of second degree value separation, is most productive when: 22). Firms that have a fee at the door for their clients and charge for every thing they buy too are showing 23). The ideal increase is: m = - 1/(E+1). At the point when the increase on cookware rises to half, at that point request flexibility (E) for cookware is: 24). Third-degree value separation exists at whatever point: 25). Administration instruments are planned 26). Vertical incorporation might be inspired by the entirety of the accompanying with the exception of: 27). Office issues show up in numerous settings inside a firm. The entirety of coming up next are models, with the exception of which is definitely not a genuine case of this issue? 28). Dependent resources are in every case the entirety of the accompanying aside from: 29). ____ happens at whatever point an outsider gets or bears costs emerging from a monetary exchange in which the individual (or gathering) is definitely not an immediate member. 30). The lower the boundaries to section and leave, the more about a market structure fits the ____ showcase model. 31). The ____ is equivalent to the a portion of the squares of the pieces of the pie of the considerable number of firms in an industry. 32). ____ yields indistinguishable outcomes from the hypothesis of impeccable rivalry, yet requires generously less suspicions than the flawlessly serious model. 33).In deciding the ideal capital financial plan, one ought to pick those project’s whose ____ surpasses the firm’s ____ cost of capital. 34). The ____ strategy accept that the incomes over the life of the task are reinvested at the ____. 35). Any present cost that is relied upon to yield a progression of advantages past one year later is 36). Capital expendituresa

Selecting Good Essay Topics For Your Human Health and Development Project

Selecting Good Essay Topics For Your Human Health and Development ProjectYou should be happy with the options that are available to you in selecting essay topics when you are writing a Human Health and Development Essay. While it is true that there are many good essay topics that you can use, you should also be aware of the topics that are not so good for this type of project.There are many different reasons that some of the health and development essays that are used in schools are less than stellar. Some of these reasons are: they are poorly written, they contain grammatical and spelling errors, or they are written by teachers who are not well qualified to write these types of essays. These are all very real reasons for this to occur, and they are usually cause for concern as a parent or other student being encouraged to give the essay. This is why you should look for essay topics that are both interesting and are well written.The first step you should take when looking for health and development essay topics is to begin by locating a list of those topics. It is important to have an idea of what you want to include when you are writing. Do you want to write about science or a different discipline? Do you want to write about a specific topic such as prenatal care or a lifestyle topic?The second step you should take when looking for health and development essay topics is to make sure that you are familiar with the specific topic. If you aren't familiar with this topic, there will be nothing that you can do to write an effective health and development essay. Therefore, you should research the specific topic before you begin writing.Once you have researched the topic and have a general idea of what you want to say, you will be able to start writing. However, if you find yourself stuck, you can always hire someone else to help you out.The third step you should take when looking for essay topics for your project is to select one that you are familiar with. Of cours e, you should read the essay carefully before you begin writing. If you find that it is poorly written, you can then hire someone to rewrite it for you. Once you have finished that work, you will then be able to move on to writing the rest of the essay.It is also important that you stay focused throughout the entire process of selecting health and development essay topics. You should not become distracted with everything else going on in your life. This is something that parents worry about when they write an essay in their school.When you learn how to write good health and development essay topics, you will be able to set your child up for success. You will be able to provide a foundation for a successful educational experience, which means that you will have a life that is filled with fulfillment.

State in Politics Essay - 1100 Words

State in Politics (Essay Sample) Content: Role of States in World PoliticsName Institution Role of States in World PoliticsAbstract This research paper seeks to question whether states are the only relevant conceptual actors inworld politics by analysing the realist and liberal accounts of international relations theory. It also seeksto argue that globalisation has heightened the relevancy of non-state actors within the internationalrelations discourse, arguing that the role of non-state actors must be taken more seriously byscholars. It also intends to argue that there are many non-state actors that are relevant conceptual actors inworld politics and that state-centric approaches are insufficient for gaining more nuanced analysis of world politics.Table of contentsIntroductionGlobalisationRealism LiberalismConclusionBibliography IntroductionThere are numerous ways to approach this central research question but fundamentally there is aneed to analyse the realist and liberal accounts of international relations theory. There are many examples of non-state actors that are relevant in international relations. These includeinternational organisations like the United Nations, regional institutions like the European Union,transnational corporations like Starbucks and international non-governmental organisations likeOxfam. Terrorist networks like the Al-Qaeda, and drug and human traffickers are also transnational innature and are relevant conceptual actors in world politics. It is important to remember that the bigcontemporary challenges that face states are not limited to them; but require at least some formof integration and cooperation, for example, trans-boundary haze pollution across the Indonesianarchipelago, Malaysia and Singapore requires responses and problem solving mechanisms across allthree countries.GlobalisationInter-state relations have traditionally been at the heart of international relations analysis. However,it will be argued that there has been an increasing relevancy of oth er actors in world politics during thesecond half of the twentieth century. This research paper will argue that this relevancy has beenheightened in many ways by what has been termed as the third wave of globalisation since the 1980s.Within an era of globalisation it is essential to understand the importance of the role of trans-nationalcorporations (instantly synonymous with global brands like Starbucks).Globalisation has been defined as the intensification of world wide social relations which linkdistant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many milesaway and vice versa (Giddens 1990:64). Economic globalisation in the form of free trade hasmeant that trans-national corporations have flourished and profited from unregulated markets(arguably at the expense of the global south). Within the liberal-pluralist paradigm globalisation hasbeen characterised by increasing interdependence; a characterisation, it has been argued, thatrealists are ill-e quipped to deal with. This sentiment has been reinforced by Mansbach and Vasquez,who have argued that realism has supplied a narrow and incomplete description and explanation ofworld affairs (Mansbach and Vasquez 1981: 6).RealismClassical realism is the oldest theory of international relations, and one that has subsequentlydominated international relations analysis. It has been suggested that rationality and state-centrismare frequently identified as core realist premises (Donnelly 2009: 32). The realist understanding ofworld politics assumes, in the tradition of Machiavelli and Hobbes that men are by natureegotistical and act selfishly. The personification of states, coupled with the notion that internationalsociety is anarchic (as there is no central authority in the form of a world government) has meantthe assertion that states act primarily in their own self-interest has dominated our understanding ofworld politics.It has been noted that the pursuit of hegemony and world conques t by Nazism had put intoquestion the effectiveness of international institutions and stressed the role of power in worldpolitics (Geeraerts: 2009). It was ultimately a rejection of liberal institutionalism that popularisedrealism within the field of international relations. Young has argued that realism is founded onessentially homogenous political systems with regard to type of actor (Young 1972: 126). Realists essentially see international organisations as instruments of states. The United Nations, for example,is only a sum of its parts and is not above states; but is in essence a club of states unable to stoppowerful actors interests. International law, for example, did very little in deterring Tony Blairfrom invading Iraq.LiberalismOf course membership of international society is not optional, as states cannot alter theirgeographic location; territories cannot be made to go away (Knutsen 1997: 3), and although thereis no world government; liberal institutionalists have argued th at cooperation between states can beorganized and formalized in institutions (Burchill 2009: 66). Liberal institutionalists haveadvocated that conflict between states would be reduced by creating a common interest in tradeand economic collaboration among members of the same geographical region (Burchill 2009: 66).A prominent example of this can be seen in the establishment of the European Union. This post secondworld war project can therefore be conceptualised as the desire to end conflict throughpolitical and economic integration.Although not a unified school of thought the pluralist conception of international relations providedan alternative approach to state-centrism. Keohane and Nye concluded that the state is notnecessarily the only important actor in world politics nor the gateke...

Essay about Parkinsons Disease - 588 Words

Parkinsons Disease Damage to Brocas area in the frontal lobe causes difficulty in speaking and writing, a problem known as Brocas aphasia. Injury to Wernickes area in the left temporal lobe results in an inability to comprehend spoken language, called Wernickes aphasia. Cerebral palsy is a broad term for brain damage sustained close to birth that permanently affects motor function. The damage may take place either in the developing fetus, during birth, or just after birth and is the result of the faulty development or breaking down of motor pathways. Cerebral palsy is non-progressive that is, it does not worsen with time. During childhood development, the brain is particularly susceptible to damage because of the rapid growth†¦show more content†¦The chief neurotransmitter#8212;or carrier of nerve signals#8212;in this area of the brain is dopamine, which is deficient in people who have Parkinsons. The cause of this deficiency is not known, but research suggests that several factors may reinfor ce each other to produce Parkinsons disease. There may be a genetic predisposition for some forms of the disease#8212;between 15 and 20 percent of people with Parkinsons are closely related to an individual who displays the diseases characteristic symptoms. In 1996 scientists identified a gene associated with a rare form of Parkinsons disease. Genetic predisposition may be limited only to rare forms of the disease, however. A 1999 study found that the most common form of Parkinsons disease is not inherited, suggesting that exposure to certain environmental agents may be a primary cause. Although the identity of these agents remains unknown, candidates include harmful pesticides or toxins in food; and free radicals, which are unstable molecules that may contribute to neuron damage by reacting with other molecules#8212;especially metallic elements such as iron#8212;in the basic chemical process known as oxidation. Introduction of the drug L-dopa, or levodopa, in the mid-1960s led to the relief of Parkinsons symptoms in many people with the disease. L-dopa stimulates the production of dopamine in surviving neurons in the substantia nigra. L-dopa becomes less effectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinsons Disease1596 Words   |  6 PagesMany people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and s lurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntingtons disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, briefRead MoreThe Parkinsons Disease761 Words   |  3 PagesMathur states that â€Å"Genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger† (Mathur). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) exhibits this pattern, with the vast majority of PD cases being idiopathic, likely the result of combined genetic and environmental factors. While many researchers previously sought symptom-specific treatment, recent breakthroughs open the door for the discovery of genetic and environmental causes so that disease prevention, and even reversal, emerge as viable possibilities. Recent research demonstratesRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and diseaseRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can i mpair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in handsRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesParkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the shaking palsy first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD isRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), known for its degenerative abilities and debilitating affects, is an illness that affects approximately 1 million Americans. The cause of this disease has not been pinpointed, although strides have been made towards a cure. As our elderly population increases, so does our overwhelming need to find a suitable cure that may one day eliminate this disease. Concepts of PD After watching the video: My father, My Brother, and Me, viewable at www.pbsRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affectsRead MoreEssay Parkinsons Disease3763 Words   |  16 PagesParkinsons Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnosesRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease is extremely important in terms of treating the symptoms before the disease gets worse. It is common for patients with PD to have motor symptoms such as gait disorder, which comes from muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia, postural imbalance, etc. Gait disorders can generally help determine how far the neurological disorder has affected the motor function and control of the individual. Many physicians in general c linics determine if a patient has PD or if it has

A Parents Choice to Empower or to Control Essay - 724 Words

A Parents Choice to Empower or to Control I was raised in a home where corporal punishment was a way of life. My parents, both from a very strict religious background, felt justified in spanking and instilling fear in the name of God. They believed they were fulfilling their parental responsibilities; this is how they were raised by their parents, spanked to ensure respect and obedience. I can remember walking to kindergarten with tears in my eyes. As I walked to school, the tears would roll down my face, and I could not understand the feelings of anger and resentment stirring inside me. As a child I wasnt always sure why my parents, who claimed to love me, chose to spank me. This caused some confusion for me especially when the†¦show more content†¦She would stiffen her body and cry. Once we arrived at the store there were times she would scream, cry and throw herself back if she did not get what she wanted. 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I believe a child needs to feel a sense of freedom to make mistakes and find his/her own way in life. Allowing a child this freedom will enable the child to make choices to control his/her own behavior. I believe a child de serves our respect, patience, love and understanding. In my opinion, spanking does not convey love or respect. The onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of The Medical Treatment1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfatigue, gastrointestinal problems, and pain. Sarah and her parents both fearing the chemotherapy itself would kill her. Dr. Hans then called Child Protective Services stating that Sarah’s parent’s refusal of medical care was both abuse and neglect. Child Protective Services temporarily released Sarah from her parent’s custody and Sarah was forced to continue chemotherapy treatment. 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The Best War Ever By Michael C. B. Adams - 862 Words

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Adams is now Regents Professor of History Emeritus. At Northern Kentucky University, he took an interest in military history and received a Minor in his early career. Also at NKU, Adams was an academic administrator. His other published works include: Echoes of War, The Great Adventure, and Our Masters the Rebels, which was reissued in paper as Fighting for Defeat. Adams decided to try fiction writing and completed three novels including: The Painted Coat, Pickle the Spy, and Allenby’s Fall. His newestShow MoreRelatedThe Best War Ever By Michael C. B. Adams932 Words   |  4 PagesEver since the beginning of time, there has been conflict and conflict will always play a role in the development of history. The world has experienced hundreds of wars with countless casualties, these wars date back to the 10th Century and forward to the present. The United States of America is no stranger to war having participated in over 100 wars either it being a small war or a world war. Michael C. C. 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Brand Use and Consumer Identity - the Surface-Level and Deeper Relatio Literature review

Essays on Brand Use and Consumer Identity - the Surface-Level and Deeper Relationship between Consumer and the Brand Literature review The paper â€Å"Brand Use and Consumer Identity - the Surface-Level and Deeper Relationship between Consumer and the Brand" is a  fascinating example of a literature review on marketing. This paper tries to address the question: â€Å"Is it true to say that nowadays people choose their identities through their choice of the products and services they buy and consume?† In doing so, it first clarifies some basic concepts particularly the two key complex terminologies – brand use and consumer identity. Then, it goes on to show how brand use is connected to or tries to get linked to consumer identity. As this task is done, there is an exposition of (marketing) theories and research studies that recognize the link between consumer behavior and consumer personality and bank on this link for purposes of winning over new and retaining the already captured groups of consumers.At the outset, though, this paper recognizes that the task is never simple as it may seem to appear. For one, with it go the theoretical difficulties such as the proper delineation of the involved self of the consumer in the process of preferring a product or service. Will it be the ideal, actual, stereotypical, etc., self? (cf. Green, Maheshwari Rao 1969, pp. 343). Too, there is quite broad a range of variables that are involved in consumer behavior, such as purchase behavior, media choice, innovation, segmentation – to mention just a few. Likewise, consumer psychologists do use multiple variables drawn from psychology – e.g., the constructs of self-concept, self-actualization, self-image, etc. – to understand the issue of consumer personality and consumption behavior (Shank Langmeyer 1994).The personalities of the consumer and his brand(s) Insofar as psychology is concerned, the word â€Å"identity† is related to the concept of â€Å"self,† â€Å"self-concept,† â€Å"personality,† and â€Å"self-identity†. It refers to the generalized pattern of response or modes of coping with the world (Nakanishi 1972), and the totality of anyone’s psychological traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs, and outlooks.As a concept, it may have been given complex and often inconsistent meanings, but at least there are two more or less constant elements that are consistently ascribed to it – i.e., it is subjective and at the same time multi-faceted (Dittmar Halliwell 2008, pp. 8). It is subjective because it is how one sees, feels and thinks about oneself; and, thus, it differentiates or sets one apart from the others. It is multi-faceted as it consists of diverse self-representations. Too, it is usually described in terms of (concrete or observable) traits. And, as such, it is an influencing factor in consumer behavior (De Mooij pp. 95-96).Now, brands are made and understood to have anthropomorphic qualities too (see Chen 2005). For instance, camping boots are introduced as rugged, r eliable, tough and very masculine. Too, Virginia Slims cigarette is thought of to be feminine while Marlboro is masculine; Apple is young, while IBM is older; Saks Fifth Avenue (New York) is upper class, while K-Mart is blue-collar (Aaker 1997, pp. 348). A unique set of human characteristics that are both applicable and related to a brand that is very well appraised by the consumer, brand personality intends to influence consumer’s perception and work subliminally (to influence people’s consumption decisions). Too, it differentiates one product from among the rest (see Moser 2003, pp. 67). As such, since it serves as a primary source of competitive advantage and a valuable strategic asset, brand personality is very important in brand positioning.

The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War - 1472 Words

. The Cuban missile crisis was one event that helped ignite the Cold War. It was a thirteen day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet airborne missiles deployed in Cuba. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full blown nuclear war. It was an intense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from US. The Cuban Missile Crisis was really about the location of weapons and the desire of both the Americans and Soviets to contain each other’s power in the world. The American advantage in weaponry led to the Soviets desire to counter it. Strategic weapons in Cuba were the best way to counter that. Until†¦show more content†¦By contrast, Nikita Khrushchev gave Castro a warm welcome in the USSR, which further worried the White House. Khrushchev knew that the USA had nuclear weapons based in Italy and Turkey aimed at targets in the US SR. He felt that this provided justification for the USSR to also place its nuclear missiles abroad. In the summer of 1962, Khrushchev personally issued an order for Soviet missiles to be shipped to the island of Cuba. Americans voiced their concerns about Soviet military activity in Cuba. In October 1962, an American U2 spy plane took a series of photographs over Cuba. The photos revealed a nuclear missile site being built by the Soviets. Every major American city was within range of nuclear missiles launched from Cuba. Kennedy’s response to Soviet actions brought the world the closest it had ever been to the point of nuclear war. 1b. 1c. The main events that marked the end of the Cold War were the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Berlin Wall had been the main symbol of the Cold War. It had kept people from Eastern Europe, which was communist, from escaping to the West. When the Wall came down along with other border barriers, it meant that people in the East could now leave. This pretty much meant the communist system was dead. The death was confirmed in 1991 when the Soviet Union fell apart. This made the remainder of the country muchShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1081 Words   |  5 PagesIRBM missiles to Cuba) turned away from its intended destination, which marked the end of the sinister Cuban Missile Crisis (â€Å"Bos†, pgh. 2). The Cold War was a perpetual state of political animosity entailing the employment of propaganda, ultimatums, and other nonviolent means, which existed between the two universal superpowers (the Unite d States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [U.S.S.R.]) that had recently emerged at the closing of World War II. 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The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationshipRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : Nature Of The Cold War1092 Words   |  5 PagesCOLD WAR ASSIGNMENT (Cuban missile crisis) Nature of the Cold war The cold war was a clash between two superpowers with competing ideologies, or sets of ideas. Although they had been allies against the common enemies of Germany and japan during World War 2, both sides distrusted each other. After the war this distrust evolved into a long term hostility. This era was called the ‘Cold war’ because the two superpowers never directly assaulted each other. 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Othello Treatment of Women Essay Example For Students

Othello Treatment of Women Essay Throughout history, the treatment of women has been an ever-changing issue. Othello by William Shakespeare is a story in which the women characters are treated in the unfair way that women of the time of the story were treated. This makes the story a great model for comparison of the treatment of women in the present time and in the past time when the story takes place. In order to make this comparison, one must first examine the way that the characters of Bianca, Emelia, and Desdemona are treated. Everyone including her husband, Cassio, treats the character of Bianca unfairly. This is because Bianca is really in love with Cassio, however he can only see the relationship as being a physical one. Due to this, Cassio has no problem making fun of Bianca behind her back when she leaves, and then wooing her when she returns again. The character of Emelia is an even harder one to evaluate. This is because she is the smartest woman character, but nonetheless men still seem to find a way to treat her poorly. When Emilia goes out of her way to help her husband Iago do evil, he barely even thanks her. Desdemona is the last of the characters to evaluate, however she is also the most important. Desdemona is treated very unfairly because she is a faithful wife, who loves her husband very much. However, through the help of Iago, her husband, and Othello suspects Desdemona is cheating on him. This is not true, but still Othello believes his friend long before he would listen to the woman who loves him. Othello then, instead of treating Desdemona fairly in return for her love, argues with and makes fun of her. Othello is a great model to be used to compare the treatment of women then and now because by reading it, one could see how much worse the treatment of women was then than it is now.

Joan Miro Essay Paper Example For Students

Joan Miro Essay Paper The Catalan struggle and Spanish Civil War greatly influenced Joan MirÃÆ'Â ³ s art; Miros techniques of forceful strokes with paint and ceramics enable MirÃÆ'Â ³ to express his feelings and depict the Catalan peoples struggle through art. I. Surrealism in the 1920s A. Born into a Catalan culture B. Intense nationalist activity C. Masia D. Clement Greenburg II. Lack of interest in political matters A. Spanish Civil War B. Being Catalan C. Catalan struggle for freedom III. Career in art A. 1911 enrolled at design school B. Frances GalÃÆ'Â ­ C. 1914 MirÃÆ'Â ³s earliest painting 1. Paris-1920/changes 2. The Hunter IV. Anger in MirÃÆ'Â ³s art A. Spaces of his art are occupied B. New tensions V. Constellations A. Taboos B. Death Working Thesis: The Catalan struggle and Spanish Civil War greatly influenced Joan MirÃÆ'Â ³s art; MirÃÆ'Â ³s techniques of forceful strokes with paint and ceramics enable MirÃÆ'Â ³ to express his feelings and depict the Catalan peoples struggle through art. Surrealism in the 1920s was defined as a fantastic arrangement of materials that influenced MirÃÆ'Â ³, due to the fact that he was one of the most original and sympathetic artists during the Surrealism periods. MirÃÆ'Â ³ was born into the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain Munro 288. Having to be born into the Catalan culture gave MirÃÆ'Â ³ an opportunity to have an intense nationalist activity. In which much attention was paid not only to political expressions of the need for autonomy, but also to the re-Catalanizing of every day life Higdon 1. It was necessary to fight so that Catalan, our language might be recognized as a cultural language MirÃÆ'Â ³. In 1910 MirÃÆ'Â ³s parents bought a masia which is a sort of traditional farmstead of Catalonia, where the family has its roots on the paternal side. MirÃÆ'Â ³ described the masia in his painting The Farm of 1921-1922 Figure1. Clement Greenburg a close friend of MirÃÆ'Â ³ who is also a critic, said that MirÃÆ'Â ³s art is based on ideas of painting as an irrevocable two dimensional medium Munro 289. Greenburg also stated MirÃÆ'Â ³ is known for his almost total lack of interest in political matters Munro 289. The only thing that really kept MirÃÆ'Â ³ interested was his people and their culture. What really shot MirÃÆ'Â ³ down was the Spanish Civil War, he stated that I am not in favor of separatism. I am in favor for Spanish unity, European unity, and World unity. He believed that they should be able to celebrate their myths, and abide by their own laws Higdon 1. Being Catalan was pretty hard on MirÃÆ'Â ³ as well as his people and their culture. For one, the government tried to shut them out or at least make them in to a Spanish-speaking country. Yet the Catalans had to push on their struggle for freedom. MirÃÆ'Â ³ used his paintings to show his urge for unity, and wanted his people to have the right to practice their customs Munro 288. He was extremely devoted to his people and their aspirations. He wanted to bring out Catalan traditions as well as their language Higdon 2. MirÃÆ'Â ³ career in art was sort of brought on by destiny. In 1911 he enrolled at a design art school, taught by a man named Frances GalÃÆ'Â ­. GalÃÆ'Â ­ was extremely strict and straightforward. His art was basically drawn in the form of a picture. Yet when he saw MirÃÆ'Â ³s art he realized true potential and realized that MirÃÆ'Â ³s use of paint strokes and use of two-dimensional shapes were unique. In 1914 MirÃÆ'Â ³ painted a man wearing a Catalan liberty cap. Higdon2 After MirÃÆ'Â ³ had completed small amount of his paintings they were brought to Barcelona for their safe keeping. Such as the Montroig, the Church and the Village Figure 2, The Farm Figure 1, Still Life with Old Shoe Figure 3, and Women in the Night Figure 4, When MirÃÆ'Â ³ moved to Paris in the 1920s he experienced a wide variety of changes in one year, he had then moved from naÃÆ'Â ¯ve of The Farm to the startlingly spare abstraction of the Hunter. .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .postImageUrl , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:visited , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:active { border:0!important; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:active , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leonard Bernstein EssayAfter his experience with Paris, which only lasted for a couple of months, he went back to Barcelona until the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in 1932. MirÃÆ'Â ³ began to show his anger in his art by drawing wild paintings. The spaces left between his artwork were occupied with monstrous figures, and flesh that are bruised or infected with diseases Higdon 3. From these new forms of tensions are savagely animated due to the struggle of his people as well as the Spanish Civil War. MirÃÆ'Â ³ also enjoyed painting his work to connect like stars to kind of form constellations. He did this by letting his shapes overlap, and coloring only the flat surfaced areas. Some people tried to relate his art toward taboo due to his colors representing the different areas of Spain. Yet in 1977, MirÃÆ'Â ³ was asked to design the official poster for Catalonia Figure 5. MirÃÆ'Â ³ lived to see the success of that campaign and thought it to be among the greatest rewards of his life Higdon 5. MirÃÆ'Â ³ died in Palma, Majorca, Spain December 25, 1983.

How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Research PaperYou have probably already decided on the topic of your research paper, but what should it cover? If you want to give your paper a more substantial approach and have a more thorough approach to the topics you are researching, you should give more thought to the space you use in your paper.It is important that when writing a research paper that you always explore every aspect of the topic because if you only look at one or two aspects you will not get a complete picture. You should be able to delve deep into the topics and cover them in a well-organized manner that gives your readers a thorough understanding of the subject matter.The next thing you want to do is to include everything in an organized fashion and make sure that you don't leave anything out because you lack of available time. For example, your topics may have quite a few subtopics within them, such as climate change and carbon emissions. By giving all of these subtopics their own paragraphs in your paper, you will be able to cover them easily.Space is also important in a research paper, because you can write about a specific subject that you haven't researched in detail. Instead of going into the topic in great detail, you can simply talk about the most important issues that relate to it.One of the other things you want to consider when you write a research paper is if there are any loopholes in the study. A lot of people will write their paper with the goal of proving something, but this is often where they leave out important information that could completely refute their findings.One way to avoid this is to always start a research paper with a statement that directly states the area you are going to cover. If you talk about a certain issue a great deal in your paper, you should always include a statement of that fact to make sure that you don't leave anything out.In addition to exploring each and every part of a topic thoroughly, another way to improve the quality of your research paper is to include a bibliography section. This helps to further support the points you have made in your paper by including all of the publications that support what you say.Writing research papers isn't an easy task, but it can be done. The more carefully you choose to write your paper, the more you will be able to create a well-written, well-researched paper that provides the reader with the proper context to support your research and reasoning.

Topics to Write an Essay on

Topics to Write an Essay onAre you looking for good topics to write an essay on? The simple fact is that there are so many subjects to write an essay on but not all of them can be good topics.While some may seem interesting and even intriguing to you the best way to find good topics to write an essay on is by doing a search on the internet. Most people who are in academia or have knowledge about a subject are using the web to look for topics to write their essays. It is a great way to look for topics to write on topics that are pertinent to the topic of study.Topics to write an essay on should be those that can be easily understood by a computer and be the most popular ones. While you do not need to understand the topic, it is still good to use topics that people would be interested in. Many times people will enjoy a topic if it has been looked into by a lot of people.Many people are looking for topics to write an essay on because they want to make money through this. It does not hav e to be a life-changing topic or anything like that. You just want to find something that interests them, and then look for ways to monetize it.There are ways to get money from a student's own essay, especially if you have done a good job. This is an opportunity for many people to earn some money as well as learn about writing online. When you take these steps, you will find many people who will pay you to write for them and this is not only good for you but for your knowledge too.What is good about essay topics is that you do not have to worry about how much money you will make because you will get paid for the amount of people who read the essay. You can make hundreds or even thousands of dollars simply by having good essay topics to write. All you have to do is find something that people like to read, write it up and get paid for it.If you want to make money from your topic for your essay, all you have to do is to look for a good topic to write an essay on. There are many people who do this, and will be happy to help you. You will be able to find topics to write an essay on that you are interested in, and if you find one that others are enjoying then you will make money.While there are many topics to write an essay on, if you know what type of topic you want to write about then you can research that and find it. If you do not know what topic to write on you can find it easily. You can also have people write essays for you, and this is a great way to make money.

How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate Essay Example

How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate Essay SPOTLIGHT ON PRODUCT INNOVATION Spotlight ARTWORK Josef Schulz, Form #1, 2001 C-print, 120 x 160 cm How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate Inside the company’s new-growth factory by Bruce Brown and Scott D. Anthony 64 Harvard Business Review June 2011 HBR. ORG Bruce Brown is the chief technology o? cer of Procter Gamble. Scott D. Anthony is the managing director of Innosight. June 2011 Harvard Business Review 65 B SPOTLIGHT ON PRODUCT INNOVATION 66 Harvard Business Review June 2011 BACK IN 2000 the prospects for Procter Gamble’s Tide, the biggest brand in the company’s fabric and household care division, seemed limited. The laundry detergent had been around for more than 50 years and still dominated its core markets, but it was no longer growing fast enough to support PG’s needs. A decade later Tide’s revenues have nearly doubled, helping push annual division revenues from $12 billion to almost $24 billion. The brand is surging in emerging markets, and its iconic bull’seye logo is turning up on an array of new products and even new businesses, from instant clothes fresheners to neighborhood dry cleaners. This isn’t accidental. It’s the result of a strategic effort by PG over the past decade to systematize innovation and growth. We will write a custom essay sample on How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To understand PG’s strategy, we need to go back more than a century to the sources of its inspiration— Thomas Edison and Henry Ford. In the 1870s Edison created the world’s first industrial research lab, Menlo Park, which gave rise to the technologies behind the modern electric-power and motion-picture industries. Under his inspired direction, the lab churned out ideas; Edison himself ultimately held more than 1,000 patents. Edison of course understood the importance of mass production, but it was his friend Henry Ford who, decades later, perfected it. In 1910 the Ford Motor Company shifted the production of its famous Model T from the Piquette Avenue Plant, in Detroit, to its new Highland Park complex nearby. Although the assembly line wasn’t a novel concept, Highland Park showed what it was capable of: In four years Ford slashed the time required to build a car from more than 12 hours to just 93 minutes. How could PG marry the creativity of Edison’s lab with the speed and reliability of Ford’s factory? The answer its leaders devised, a â€Å"new-growth factory,† is still ramping up. But already it has helped the company strengthen both its core businesses and its ability to capture innovative new-growth opportunities. PG’s efforts to systematize the serendipity that so often sparks new-business creation carry important lessons for leaders faced with shrinking product life cycles and increasing global competition. Laying the Foundation Innovation has long been the backbone of PG’s growth. As chairman, president, and CEO Bob McDonald notes, â€Å"We know from our history that while promotions may win quarters, innovation wins decades. The company spends nearly $2 billion annually on RD—roughly 50% more than its closest competitor, and more than most other competitors combined. Each year it invests at least another $400 million in foundational consumer research to discover opportunities for innovation, conducting some 20,000 studies involving more than 5 million consumers in nearly 100 countries. Odds are that as you’re reading this, PG researchers are in a store somewhere observing shoppers, or even in a consumer’s home. These investments are necessary but not sufficient to achieve PG’s innovation goals. â€Å"People will innovate for financial gain or for competitive advantage, but this can be self-limiting,† McDonald says. â€Å"There needs to be an emotional component as well—a source of inspiration that motivates people. † At PG that inspiration lies in a sense of purpose driven from the top down—the message that each innovation improves people’s lives. At the start of the 2000s only about 15% of PG’s innovations were meeting revenue and profit targets. So the company launched its now well-known Connect + Develop program to bring in outside innovations and built a robust stage-gate process to help manage ideas from inception to launch. (For more on C+D, see Larry Huston and Nabil Sakkab, â€Å"Connect and Develop: Inside Procter Gamble’s New Model for Innovation,† HBR March 2006. ) These actions showed early signs of raising innovation success rates, but it was clear that PG needed more breakthrough innovations. And it had to come up with them as reliably as Ford’s factory had rolled out Model Ts. HOW PG TRIPLED ITS INNOVATION SUCCESS RATE? HBR. ORG Idea in Brief Procter Gamble is a famous innovator. Nonetheless, in the early 2000s only 15% of its innovations were meeting their revenue and pro? t targets. To address this, the company set about building organizational structures to systematize innovation. The resulting new-growth factory includes large newbusiness creation groups, focused project teams, and entrepreneurial guides who help teams rapidly prototype and test new products and business models in the market. The teams follow a step-by-step business development manual and use specialized project and portfolio management tools. Innovation and strategy assessments, once separate, are now combined in revamped executive reviews. PG’s experience suggests six lessons for leaders looking to build new-growth factories: Coordinate the factory with the company’s core businesses, be a vigilant portfolio manager, start small and grow carefully, create tools for gauging new businesses, make sure the right people are doing the right work, and nurture cross-pollination. ithout a further boost to its organic growth capabilities, the company would still have trouble hitting its targets. PG’s leaders recognized that the kind of growth the company was after couldn’t come from simply doing more of the same. It needed to come up with more breakthrough innovations—ones that could create completely new markets. And it needed to do this as reliably as Henry Ford’s Highla nd Park factory had rolled out Model Ts. In 2004 Gil Cloyd, then the chief technology officer, and A. G. Lafley, then the CEO, tasked two 30-year PG veterans, John Leikhim and David Goulait, with designing a new-growth factory whose intellectual underpinnings would derive from the Harvard Business School professor Clayton Christensen’s disruptive-innovation theory. The basic concept of disruption—driving growth through new offerings that are simpler, more convenient, easier to access, or more affordable—was hardly foreign to PG. Many of the company’s powerhouse brands, including Tide, Crest, Pampers, and Swiffer, had followed disruptive paths. Leikhim and Goulait, with support from other managers, began by holding a two-day workshop for seven new-product-development teams, guided by facilitators from Innosight (a firm Christensen cofounded). The attendees explored how to shake up embedded ways of thinking that can inhibit disruptive approaches. They formulated creative ways to address critical commercial questions—for example, whether demand would be sufficient to warrant a new-product launch. Learning from the workshop helped spur the development of new products, such as the probiotic supplement Align, and also bolstered existing ones, such as Pampers. In the years that followed, Leikhim and Goulait shored up the factory’s foundation, working with Cloyd and other PG leaders to: Teach senior management and project team members the mind-sets and behaviors that foster disruptive growth. The training, which has changed over time, initially ranged from short modules on topics such as assessing the demand for an early-stage idea to multiday courses in entrepreneurial thinking. Form a group of new-growth-business guides to help teams working on disruptive projects. These experts might, for instance, advise teams to remain small until their project’s key commercial questions, such as whether consumers would habitually use the new product, have been answered. The guides include several entrepreneurs who have succeeded—and, even more important, failed—in starting businesses. Develop organizational structures to drive new growth. For example, in a handful of business About the units the company created small groups focused Spotlight Artist Each month we illustrate primarily on new-growth initiatives. The groups our Spotlight package with (which, like the training, have evolved significantly) a series of works from an acaugmented an existing entity, FutureWorks, whose complished artist. We hope charter is to create new brands and business mod- that the lively and cerebral creations of these photograels. Dedicated teams within the groups conducted phers, painters, and instalmarket research, developed technology, created lation artists will infuse our pages with additional energy business plans, and tested assumptions for specific and intelligence and amplify projects. hat are often complex and Produce a process manual—a step-by-step abstract concepts. This month’s artist is guide to creating new-growth businesses. The Josef Schulz, a German manual includes overarching principles as well as photographer who often detailed procedures and templates to help teams turns his lens on modern industrial constructs and describe opportunities, identify requirements for digitally strips away de? ning success, monitor progress, make go/no-go decisions, details to render moreand more. abstract, universally relRun demonstration projects to showcase the evant images. In the ? rst step I’m a photographer emerging factory’s work. One of these was a line of with his limitations,† he pocket-size products called Swash, which quickly once told an interviewer, refresh clothes: For example, someone who’s in a â€Å"and then an artist with his freedom of decisions. † hurry can give a not-quite-clean shirt a spray rather View more of the artist’s than putting it through the wash. work at josefschulz. de. June 2011 Harvard Business Review 67 SPOTLIGHT ON PRODUCT INNOVATION Sustaining Commercial Commercial innovations use creative marketing, packaging, and promotional approaches to grow existing o? erings. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, PG ran a series of ads celebrating mothers. The campaign covered 18 brands, was viewed repeatedly by hundreds of millions of consumers, and drove $100 million in revenues. PG’s Four Types of Innovation Sustaining innovations bring incremental improvements to existing products: a little more cleaning power to a laundry detergent, a better ? avor to a toothpaste. These provide what PG calls â€Å"er† bene? s—better, easier, cheaper—that are important to sustaining share among current customers and getting new people to try a product. Sharpening the Focus By 2008 PG had a working prototype of the factory, but the company’s innovation portfolio was weighed down by a proliferation of small projects. A. G. Lafley charged Bob McDonald (then the COO) and CTO Bruce Brown (a coauthor of this article) to dramatically increase innovation output by focusing the factory on fewer but bigger initiatives. McDonald and Brown’s team drove three critical improvements. First, rather than strictly separating innovations designed to bolster existing product lines from efforts to create new product lines or business models, PG increased its emphasis on an intermediate category: transformational-sustaining innovations, which deliver major new benefits in existing product categories. Consider the Crest brand, the market leader until the late 1990s, when it was usurped by Colgate. Looking for a comeback, in 2000 PG launched a disruptive innovation, Crest Whitestrips, that made teeth whitening at home affordable and easy. In 2006 it introduced Crest Pro-Health, which squeezes half a dozen benefits into one tube—the toothpaste fights cavities, plaque, tartar, stains, gingivitis, and bad breath. In 2010 it rolled out Crest 3D White, a line of advanced oral care products, including one that whitens teeth in two hours. Such efforts helped Crest retake the lead in many markets. Pro-Health and 3D White were both transformational-sustaining innovations, meant to appeal to current consumers while attracting new ones. These sorts of innovations share an mportant trait with market-creating disruptive innovations: They have a high degree of uncertainty—something the factory is specifically designed to manage. Second, PG strengthened organizational supports for the formation of transformationalsustaining and disruptive businesses. It established several new-business-creation groups, larger in size 68 Harvard Business Review June 2011 and scope than any previous growth-factory team, whose resources a nd management are kept carefully separate from the core business. These groups— dedicated teams led by a general manager—develop ideas that cut across multiple businesses, and also pursue entirely new business opportunities. One group covers all of PG’s beauty and personal care businesses; another covers its household care business (the parent unit of the fabric-and-household and the family-and-baby-care divisions); a third, FutureWorks, focuses largely on enabling different business models (it helped guide PG’s recent partnership with the Indian business Healthpoint Services). The new groups supplement (rather than replace) existing supports such as the Corporate Innovation Fund, which provides seed capital to ideas that might otherwise slip through the cracks. PG also created a specialized team called LearningWorks, which helps plan and execute in-market experiments to learn about purchase decisions and postpurchase use. Third, PG revamped its strategy development and review process. Innovation and strategy assessments had historically been handled separately. Now the CEO, CTO, and CFO explicitly link company, business, and innovation strategies. This integration, coupled with new analyses of such issues as competitive factors that could threaten a given business, has surfaced more opportunities for innovation. The process has also prompted examinations of each unit’s â€Å"production schedule,† or pipeline of growth opportunities, to ensure that it’s robust enough to deliver against growth goals for the next seven to 10 years. Evaluations are made of individual business units (feminine care, for example) as well as broad sectors (household care). This revised approach calls for each business unit to determine the mix of innovation types it needs to deliver the required growth. HOW PG TRIPLED ITS INNOVATION SUCCESS RATE? HBR. ORG Transformational-Sustaining Transformational-sustaining innovations reframe existing categories. They typically bring order-of-magnitude improvements and fundamental changes to a business and often lead to breakthroughs in market share, pro? t levels, and consumer acceptance. In 2009 PG introduced the wrinkle-reducing cream Olay Pro-X. Launching a $40-a-bottle product in the depths of a recession might seem a questionable strategy. But PG went ahead because it considered the product a transformational-sustaining innovation—clinically proven to be as e? ective as its much more expensive prescription counterparts, and superior to the company’s other antiaging o? erings. The cream and related products generated ? rst-year sales of $50 million in U. S. food retailers and drugstores alone. Disruptive Disruptive innovations represent newto-the-world business opportunities. A company enters entirely new businesses with radically new o? erings, as PG did with Swi? er and Febreze. Running the Factory Let’s return now to Tide, whose dramatic growth highlights the potential of PG’s approach. Over the past decade the brand has launched numerous products and product-line extensions, carved new paths in emerging markets, and tested a promising new business model. If you had looked for Tide in a U. S. supermarket 10 years ago, you would have found, for the most part, ordinary bottles and boxes of detergent. Now you’ll see the Tide name on dozens of products, all with different scents and capabilities. For example, in 2009 PG introduced a line of laundry additives called Tide Stain Release. Within a year, building on 26 patents, it incorporated these additives into a sible to 70% of Indian consumers and has helped to significantly increase Tide’s share in India. More radically, Swash moved the Tide brand out of the laundry room. The line has clear disruptive characteristics: Swash products don’t clean as thoroughly as laundry detergents or remove wrinkles as effectively as professional pressing. But because they’re quick and easy to use, they offer â€Å"good enough† occasional alternatives between washes. Swash took an unconventional path to commercialization. When the products were first sold, in a store near PG’s headquarters in Ohio, they carried a different brand name and had no apparent connection to Tide. After that experiment, PG opened a â€Å"pop up† Swash store at The Ohio State University. Both Tide Dry Cleaners is a factory innovation that represents an entirely new business model. new detergent, Tide with Acti-Lift—the first major redesign of Tide’s liquid laundry detergent in a decade. The product’s launch drove immediate marketshare growth of the Tide brand in the United States. PG has also customized formulations for emerging markets. Ethnographic research showed that about 80% of consumers in India wash their clothes by hand. They had to choose between detergents that were relatively gentle on the skin but not very good at actually cleaning clothes, and more-potent but harsher agents. With the problem clearly identified, in 2009 a team came up with Tide Naturals, which cleaned well without causing irritation. Mindful of the need in emerging markets to provide greater benefit at lower cost—â€Å"more for less†Ã¢â‚¬â€PG priced Tide Naturals 30% below comparably effective but harsher products. This made the Tide brand accestests helped the company understand how consumers would buy and use the products, which PG then began selling exclusively through Amazon and other online channels. In early 2011 the company ramped down its promotion of Swash, although learning from the effort will inform its work on other disruptive ideas in the clothes-refreshing space. Whereas Swash was a new product line, Tide Dry Cleaners represents an entirely new business model. It started when a team began exploring ways to disrupt the dry-cleaning market, using proprietary technologies and a unique store design grounded in insights about consumers’ frustrations with existing options. Many cleaning establishments are dingy, unfriendly places. Customers have to park, walk, and wait. Often the cleaners’ hours are inconvenient. PG’s alternative: bright, boldly colored cleaners June 2011 Harvard Business Review 69 SPOTLIGHT ON PRODUCT INNOVATION The Factory’s Consumer Research at Work In October 2010 PG launched the Gillette Guard razor in India, a transformational-sustaining innovation whose strategic intent was simple: to provide a cheaper and e? ective alternative for the hundreds of millions of Indians who use double-edged razors. The company’s researchers spent thousands of hours in the market to understand these consumers’ needs. They gained important insights by observing men in rural areas who, lacking indoor plumbing, typically shave outdoors using little or no water—and don’t shave every day. The single-blade Gillette Guard was thus designed to clean easily, with minimal water, and to manage longer stubble. The initial retail price was 15 rupees (33 cents), with re? ll cartridges for ? ve rupees (11 cents). Early tests showed that consumers preferred the new product to double-edged razors by a six-to-one margin. Its breakthrough performance and a? ordability position it for rapid growth. featuring specialized treatments, drive-through windows, and 24-hour storage lockers to facilitate after-hours drop-off and pickup. Using the new-growth factory’s process manual, the development team identified key assumptions about the proposed dry cleaners. For example, could the business model generate enough returns to attract store owners willing to pay up to $1 million for franchise rights? In 2009 PG’s guides helped the team open three pilots in Kansas City to try to find out. That year PG also formed Agile Pursuits Franchising, a subsidiary to oversee such efforts, and transferred ownership of the dry-cleaning venture to FutureWorks, whose main mission is to pursue new business models that lie outside PG’s established systems. It remains to be seen how Tide Dry Cleaners will fare, but one promising sign came in 2010, when Andrew Cherng, the founder of the Panda Restaurant Group, announced plans to open 150 franchises in four years. He told BusinessWeek, â€Å"I wasn’t around when McDonald’s was taking franchisees, [but] I’m not going to miss this one. † To ensure strategic cohesion and smart resource allocation, Tide’s innovation efforts have been closely coordinated through regular dialogues among several leaders—CEO McDonald, CTO Brown, the vice-chair of the household business unit, and the president of the fabric care division. They’ve also been the focus of discussions at Corporate Innovation Fund meetings and similar reviews. This isn’t just the methodical pursuit of a single innovation. It’s part of a steady stream of ideas in development—a factory humming with work. and learning, and personally engage. Our journey at PG suggests six lessons for leaders looking to create new-growth factories. 1. Closely coordinate the factory and the core business. Leaders sometimes see efforts to foster new growth as completely distinct from efforts to bolster the core; indeed, many in the innovation community have argued as much for years. Our experience indicates the opposite. First, new-growth efforts depend on a healthy core business. A healthy core produces a cash flow that can be invested in new growth. And we’ve all known times when an ailing core has demanded management’s full attention; a healthy core frees leaders to think about more-expansive growth initiatives. Second, a core business is rich with capabilities that can support new-growth efforts. Consider PG’s excellent relationships with major retailers. Those relationships are a powerful, hard-to-replicate asset that helps the factory expedite new-growth initiatives. Swiffer wouldn’t be Swiffer without them. Third, some of the tools for managing core efforts—particularly those that track a project’s progress—are also useful for managing new-growth efforts. And finally, the factory’s rapid-learning approach often yields insights that can strengthen existing product lines. One of the project teams at the 2004 workshop was seeking to spur conversion in emerging markets from cloth to disposable diapers. Subsequent in-market tests yielded a critical discovery: Babies who wore disposable diapers fell asleep 30% faster and slept 30 minutes longer than babies wearing cloth diapers—an obvious benefit for infants (and their parents). Advertising campaigns touting this advantage helped make Pampers the number one brand in several emerging markets. 2. Promote a portfolio mind-set. PG communicates to both internal and external stakeholders that it is building a varied portfolio of innovation Lessons for Leaders Efforts to build a new-growth factory in any company will fail unless senior managers create the right organizational structures, provide the proper resources, allow sufficient time for experimentation 70 Harvard Business Review June 2011 HOW PG TRIPLED ITS INNOVATION SUCCESS RATE? HBR. ORG approaches, ranging from sustaining to disruptive ones. See the sidebar â€Å"PG’s Four Types of Innovation. †) It uses a set of master-planning tools to match the pace of innovation to the overall needs of the business. It also deploys portfolio-optimization tools that help managers identify and kill the least-promising programs and nurture the best bets. These tools create projections for every active idea, including estimates of the financial potential and the human and capital investments that will be required. Some ideas are evaluated with classic net-present-value calculations, others with a risk-adjusted real-option approach, and still others with more-qualitative criteria. Although the tools assemble a rank-ordered list of projects, PG’s portfolio management isn’t, at its core, a mechanical exercise; it’s a dialogue about resource allocation and business-growth building blocks. Numerical input informs but doesn’t dictate decisions. A portfolio approach has several benefits. First, it sets up the expectation that different projects will be managed, resourced, and measured in different ways, just as an investor would use different criteria to evaluate an equity investment and a real estate one. Second, because the portfolio consists largely of sustaining and transformational-sustaining efforts, seeing it as a whole highlights the critical importance of these activities, which protect and extend legitimate disagreement about the best way to organize for new growth. Whereas we believe in a factory with relatively strong ties to the core, some advocate a â€Å"skunkworks† organization. Others argue for â€Å"distinct but linked† organizations under an â€Å"ambidextrous† leader; still others recommend mirroring the structure of a venture capital firm. (PG’s factory uses several organizational approaches. Treating capability development itself as a new-growth innovation lets companies try different approaches and learn what works best for them. A staged approach serves another important purpose: It’s a built-in reminder that a new-growth factory is not a quick fix. The factory won’t provide a sudden boost to next quarter’s result s, nor can it instantly rein in an out-of-control core business that’s veering from crisis to crisis. GILLETTE GUARD After thousands of hours of research in the ? eld, PG learned that a single-blade razor was a cheaper and e? ective alternative to double-edged razors for many consumers in India. CREST 3D WHITE Usurped by Colgate in the late 1990s, Crest has regained the lead in many markets owing to its introduction of several innovative oral care products, including ones that make teeth whitening at home a? ordable and easy. 4. Create new tools for gauging new businesses. Anticipated and nascent markets are notoriously hard to analyze. Detailed follow-up with one of the project teams that attended the pilot workshop showed PG that it needed new tools for this purpose. PG now conducts â€Å"transaction learning experiments,† or TLEs, in which a team â€Å"makes a little and sells a little,† thus letting consumers vote with their wallets. Teams have sold small amounts of products online, at mall kiosks, in pop-up stores, and at amusement parks—even in the company store PG now conducts â€Å"transaction learning experiments,† which let consumers vote with their wallets. core businesses. Finally, a portfolio approach helps reinforce the message that any project, particularly a disruptive one, may carry substantial risk and might not deliver commercial results—and that’s fine, as long as the portfolio accounts for the risk. 3. Start small and grow carefully. Remember how the new-growth factory began: with a simple two-day workshop. It then expanded to small-scale pilots in several business units before becoming a companywide initiative. Staged investment allows for early, rapid revision—before lines scribbled on a hypothetical organizational chart are engraved in stone. It also provides for targeted experimentation. For example, there is and outside company cafeterias. PG devised a venture capital approach to testing the market for Align, its probiotic supplement, providing seed capital for a controlled pilot. The company has also tested entire business models—recall the Kansas City pilots of Tide Dry Cleaners. 5. Make sure you have the right people doing the right work. Building the factory forced PG to change the way it staffed certain teams. At any given time the company has hundreds of teams working on various innovation efforts. In the past, most teams consisted mainly of part-time members—employees who had other responsibilities pulling at them. But disruptive and transformational-sustaining efforts June 2011 Harvard Business Review 71 SPOTLIGHT ON PRODUCT INNOVATION HBR. ORG CONNECT WITH THE AUTHORS Do you have questions or comments about this article? The authors will respond to reader feedback at hbr. org. TIDE DRY CLEANERS Still in an early stage, this innovation arose in part from insights about consumers’ frustrations with the dinginess and inconvenience of most existing drycleaning establishments. require undivided attention. (As the old saying goes, nine women can’t make a baby in a month. ) There need to be people who wake up each day and go to sleep each night obsessing about the new business. New-growth teams also need to be small and nimble, and they should include seasoned members. PG found that big teams often bog down because they pursue too many ideas at once, whereas small teams are better able to quickly focus on the mostpromising initiatives. Having several members with substantial innovation experience helps teams confidently make sound judgment calls when data are inconclusive or absent. Finally, building a factory requires a substantial investment in widespread, ongoing training. Changing mind-sets begins, literally, with teaching a new language. Key terms such as â€Å"disruptive innovation,† â€Å"job to be done,† â€Å"business model,† and â€Å"critical assumptions† must be clearly and consistently defined. PG reinforces key innovation concepts both at large meetings and at smaller, focused workshops, and in 2007 it established a â€Å"disruptive innovation college. People working on new-growth projects can choose from more than a dozen courses, ranging from basic innovation language to designing and executing a TLE, sketching out a business model, staffing a new-growth team, and identifying a job to be done. 6. Encourage intersections. Successful innovation requires rich cross-pollinat ion both inside and outside the organization. PG’s Connect + Develop program is part of a larger effort to intersect with other disciplines and gain new perspectives. Over the past few years PG has: †¢ Shared people with noncompeting companies. In 2008 PG and Google swapped two dozen employees for a few weeks. PG wanted greater exposure to online models; Google was interested in learning more about how to build brands. †¢ Engaged even more outside innovators. In 2010 PG refreshed its C+D goals. It aims to become the partner of choice for innovation collaboration, and to triple C+D’s contribution to PG’s innovation development (which would mean deriving $3 billion of the company’s annual sales growth from outside innovators). It has expanded the program to forge additional connections with government labs, universities, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, consortia, and venture capital firms. †¢ Brought in outside talent. PG has traditionally promoted from within. But i